Pandemiske sammenfiltringer: Den industrielle kjøttproduksjonens politiske økologi i en "pandemisk tidsalder"

• Støen, Mariel Cristina; Jakobsen, Jostein & Barbesgaard, Mads (2026). Structural One Health? A critical geography perspective on emerging infectious diseases and livestock. I Støen, Mariel Cristina; Jakobsen, Jostein & Rutt, Rebecca Leigh (Red.), One Health, Ecology, and the Politics of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Routledge. ISSN 9781003558217. s. 87–105. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter critically examines the structural forces shaping the emergence and spread of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs), with a particular focus on avian influenza and the poultry supply chain. Moving beyond conventional epicenter thinking, which attributes disease emergence to specific geographic locations, we argue that EIDs should be understood within broader ecological, economic, social, and political networks. Drawing on perspectives from critical geography, political economy, and ecological epidemiology, we explore how global circuits of capital – especially as they manifest in industrial livestock production – facilitate the conditions for disease outbreaks. By disaggregating the poultry supply chain, we highlight the differentiated vulnerabilities of key actors, including biotech firms, hatcheries, growers, processors, and retailers. While biosecurity measures are framed as a shared responsibility, power imbalances within supply chains determine who bears the greatest risks and economic burdens when outbreaks occur. We argue that the One Health framework, despite its emphasis on intersectoral collaboration, often fails to address these underlying structural drivers of disease emergence. We propose that supply chains themselves must become a central focus of pandemic preparedness and response. By shifting attention to the political economy of food systems, this chapter contributes to debates on how to reorganize global agriculture to mitigate future pandemics at their root causes.

• Støen, Mariel Cristina; Jakobsen, Jostein & Rutt, Rebecca Leigh (2026). Introduction. I Støen, Mariel Cristina; Jakobsen, Jostein & Rutt, Rebecca Leigh (Red.), One Health, Ecology, and the Politics of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Routledge. ISSN 9781003558217. s. 1–18. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This introductory chapter situates industrial livestock production at the heart of converging crises – climate change, biodiversity loss, emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – and argues that, absent structural change, the current “Pandemic Era” will intensify. It synthesizes evidence that agro-industrial expansion, habitat disruption, and vertically integrated meat supply chains heighten zoonotic spillover risks and accelerate AMR, whose burdens fall disproportionately on low- and middle-income countries. While One Health has gained traction as an integrative framework, the chapter contends it remains narrowly operationalized – privileging surveillance and outbreak response over prevention and overlooking political-economic drivers such as corporate consolidation, trade liberalization, and the financialization of food systems. The chapter traces the global transformation of meat production – from the “Tyson model” of vertically integrated poultry to a consolidated grain-oilseed-livestock complex dominated by a handful of transnational corporations – and the attendant reconfiguration of landscapes, labor, and migration. Also, it maps the roles of global finance and commodity speculation in underwriting industrial expansion and externalizing ecological and health costs. The chapter reassesses One Health’s promise and limits, engaging critiques from different fields, and calling for a version that embeds environmental governance, social justice, and accountability. This chapter introduces the different contributions that together advance a One Health approach capable of tackling root causes and enabling more sustainable, equitable food futures.

• Eldevik-Stjernqvist, Ada (2026). Framing the pandemic era : Different understandings of pathogenic landscapes in Norway. I Støen, Mariel Cristina; Jakobsen, Jostein & Rutt, Rebecca Leigh (Red.), One Health, Ecology, and the Politics of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Routledge. ISSN 9781003558217. s. 106–122. doi: 10.4324/9781003558217-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter explores different understandings of disease, encompassing various perspectives on uncertainties, infection pathways, and risks, by focusing on the first-ever outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in commercial poultry production in Jæren, Norway. Understanding these dynamics is valuable for understanding the complexities of disease and meat production relationships within the context of heightened threats of emergence, spread, and outbreaks of infectious diseases. Illuminating diverse and sometimes contradictory framings of disease matters because varying perceptions of infectious disease can generate uncertainties, tensions, and decreased trust. After detailing the historical and political developments of Jæren, especially as related to the emergence of commercial poultry production as it exists today, the chapter then unpacks how some of the key actors in this context – Norwegian farmers and human and animal health authorities – understand HPAI. By considering and contrasting multiple disease framings, this chapter uncovers an often-unrecognized aspect of the relationships among wild and domestic animals, nature, humans, and pathogens and, especially, how these interact in the meat production landscape of Jæren in times of worsening disease threat.

• Rødvik, Trym Daniel (2026). Logistical supply chains as capitalist planning : The case of the Norwegian broiler industry and avian influenza. I Støen, Mariel Cristina; Jakobsen, Jostein & Rutt, Rebecca Leigh (Red.), One Health, Ecology, and the Politics of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Routledge. ISSN 9781003558217. s. 53–70. doi: 10.4324/9781003558217-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter looks at how the organization of poultry production in Norway affects the ability of the poultry industry to manage outbreaks of highly pathogenic

• Barbesgaard, Mads; Jakobsen, Jostein & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2026). Caught in the coop: local labour control regimes in poultry supply chains under avian influenza. Journal of Economic Geography. ISSN 1468-2702. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbag011. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) pose an escalating threat to global poultry supply chains, with their management highlighting reconfigurations in economic geography through the increasing centrality of actors and processes beyond the farm-level. Taking HPAI outbreaks in Denmark as our empirical focus, we argue that outbreaks and their management reveal poultry growers’ lack of control over the labour process. Growers organize labour regimes in struggles with requirements imposed from other capitals and the state. Combining labour regime analysis with an emphasis on classes of capital, allows us to examine how this organizing is done in constitutively different ways.

• Jakobsen, Jostein; Barbesgaard, Mads & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2025). How to turn over an egg: Rethinking the temporality of global value chains amidst emerging infectious diseases. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. ISSN 0308-518X. 58(1). doi: 10.1177/0308518x251377076. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The temporality of global value chains is an important area of concern for economic geographers. This paper argues for the analytical value of closely examining the category of ‘turnover time’ as articulated in Marx’s work and subsequent historical-geographical materialism. We argue that turnover times of capitals in competition – hence struggles over time – can be conceptualised as a driving force behind what the GVC literature refers to as ‘chain governance’. This also helps explain the specific challenges faced by capitals depending on their position within the supply chain. To develop this argument, we draw on empirical material from the poultry supply chain in Norway and Denmark, particularly in the context of rising threats from highly pathogenic avian influenza. We argue that focusing on turnover time provides a novel angle not only on the supply chain’s intricacies but on our understanding of how industry actors respond to avian flu as an imminent challenge. In unravelling the egg production supply chain, turnover times emerge as distinct and multiple, depending on the role and materiality of the chicks, layer hens and eggs which we conceptualise respectively as fluid, fixed and commodity capital. Consequently, these variations in turnover times directly affect actors’ agency to manage avian flu outbreaks and strategise in the context of ever-rising pathogenic threats. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the temporality in the supply chain under the pressures of emerging infectious diseases and contribute to the broader literature on Marxist economic geography and critical GVC analysis.

• Jakobsen, Jostein; Barbesgaard, Mads & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2025). Turnover time in the pandemic era: industrial poultry, avian influenza and capitalist strategies. Journal of Peasant Studies. ISSN 0306-6150. s. 1–24. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2025.2536487. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Focusing on mounting challenges to agro-industrial capitals posed by emerging infectious diseases, this paper revisits longstanding debates in critical agrarian studies scrutinizing the role of turnover time. Analyzing Norway and Denmark's poultry industries' recent confrontations with avian influenza, and by paying close attention to the questions of temporality and disaggregating the agency of capital, we elucidate the implicated classes of poultry capital along the broiler supply chain and their strategies in responding to differentiated challenges from avian influenza. In so doing, we argue for the relevance of conceptual tools derived from the under-acknowledged second volume of Marx's Capital.

• Jakobsen, Jostein; Barbesgaard, Mads & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2025). Beyond Contracts: Supply Chains and Dynamics of Incorporation Among Classes of Capital in the Aftermath of Global Outbreaks of Avian Flu. Journal of Agrarian Change. ISSN 1471-0358. 25(4). doi: 10.1111/joac.70025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigates how agricultural producers are incorporated into commodity circuits under contemporary capitalism, in the context of growing pressures from emerging infectious diseases. Focusing on poultry production systems in Denmark and Norway currently under threat from highly pathogenic avian influenza, we argue that understanding these dynamics requires an expanded conception of agriculture that accounts for the contractual arrangements binding poultry growers to both upstream and downstream actors in a supply chain defined by spatially dispersed operations with growers positioned midstream. Specifically, we explore how risk diffuses along supply chains, how forms of knowledge and resources originating upstream and downstream of the farm-level organise production processes, and the managerial efforts aimed at reconciling contradictory interests. We contend that these dynamics have significant implications for how outbreaks of infectious diseases ramify across variously situated actors in natural resource industries under contemporary capitalism.

• Støen, Mariel Cristina; Jakobsen, Jostein; Barbesgaard, Mads; Rutt, Rebecca Leigh & Eldevik-Stjernqvist, Ada (2025). Dangerous Liaisons: Unveiling the Co-Constitution of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Industrial Meat Production. Antipode. ISSN 0066-4812. 57(4), s. 1320–1341. doi: 10.1111/anti.70021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have intensified over the last decade, spotlighting the concept of “epicentre” as a means of locating disease origins. Although epicentre thinking can facilitate rapid interventions, it often overlooks the political-economic and ecological forces driving outbreaks. Drawing on critical geography, political ecology, and global supply chain analyses, we reconceptualise the epicentre as “a set of relations rather than a place”, emphasising how capitalist production, ecological disruption, and pathogen circulation intersect. From this relational standpoint, epicentres emerge as intersections of multiple capitals, rather than isolated points. Using HPAI in global poultry production as an illustration, we argue that biosecurity measures shaped by epicentre thinking often bolster industrial expansion while deflecting systemic critique. We conclude with a five-point research agenda for a relational geographical approach to disease outbreaks, highlighting turnover times, cost and risk distribution, producer incorporation, labour regimes, and governance mechanisms.

• Eldevik-Stjernqvist, Ada; Nielsen, Niels Duus; Nordrum, Solfrid Ingriddatter; Rutt, Rebecca Leigh & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2024). Dirty lives, wild birds, clean places, and exceptional health: a critical discourse analysis of Danish and Norwegian news coverage of avian influenza risk. Health, Risk and Society. ISSN 1369-8575. 26(7-8), s. 350–367. doi: 10.1080/13698575.2024.2412102. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Avian influenza outbreaks are recurring worldwide. In Norwegian and Danish media, fluctuating attention has been paid to these outbreaks and the coverage that exists largely portrays the situation as a distant problem, limited to so-called non-Western countries. In the present article, we have analysed news articles from two Norwegian and two Danish newspapers published in 2006/2008, 2017 and 2021 using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). By analysing linguistic articulations of risk and blame for avian influenza in Norwegian and Danish media, we explore how this portrayal creates discursive distinctions between risk and blame ‘here’ in Europe and ‘there’ in Asian and African countries. We discuss these discursive contrasts in light of Bergamo’s theory of ideology of health progress and Douglas’ understanding of hygiene as cultural ideas. Our analysis reveals that dominant portrayals of avian influenza in the news media construct particular discourses of blame, risk, and responsibility for disease emergence and spread that are ideologically underpinned by an understanding of disease management, meat production, and animal health in Norway and Denmark as exceptional. We argue that this may have implications for perceptions of places at risk of emergence and spread of viruses and the nature of responses for pandemic preparedness and disease eradication.

• Aguilar-Støen, Mariel & Jakobsen, Jostein (2023). Will development kill us? Globalized livestock production in the "Pandemic Era", Handbook of International Development and the Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781800883772. s. 185–198. doi: 10.4337/9781800883789.00020. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The outbreak of flu pandemics in the 1950s and 1960s originating in Asia, in which novel bird flu viruses infected and killed humans, prompted the idea that a geographical area from which pandemics emerge, exists. This area, located in Asia has been imagined as the “epicenter” of pandemics. Some researchers suggested then that the agrarian landscapes of southern China formed an ecosystem in which viruses of human and animal origin can interact and evolve into new varieties with pandemic potential. Modernizing agricultural production and animal husbandry was proposed as a means to minimize pandemic risks. However, as new disease outbreaks have multiplied across the world during the last years it has become evident that industrial meat production is more likely implicated in the increase of disease transmission between animals and humans. Industrial meat production is characterized by concentration and integration, the reliance on standardized feed and fodder, the expansion of industrial agriculture into forested areas to produce the ingredients for making feed and fodder as well as by the increased use of drugs in animal production. This chapter examines the interlinked processes associated with industrial meat production and the increase in the occurrence of disease transmission between animals and humans. In doing so we will suggest that, pandemics and epidemics are not only public health issues but also require rethinking interspecies relationships in agriculture and beyond.

• Støen, Mariel Cristina (2023). Examining the links between meat, viruses and disease in the Anthropocene. I Münster, Ursula; Eriksen, Thomas Hylland & Schroer, Sara Asu (Red.), Responding to the Anthropocene: Perspectives from Twelve Academic Disciplines. Scandinavian Academic Press. ISSN 9788230403624. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Anthropocene - the era of humans - refers to a time when humanity has left its indelible stamp on the planet, including its geology and biogeochemistry. Understanding the Anthropocene, where the risk of irreversible and catastrophic ecological damage looms on the horizon, is a daunting task and solutions seem to be difficult to come by. What we offer in this book consists of fifteen perspectives on the Anthropocene written by scholars with backgrounds in over a dozen academic disciplines - archaeology, biology, geology, cultural history, literature, art history, science and technology studies, anthropology, political ecology, geography and law. Together, they offer tools enabling us to grasp the Anthropocene as a multifaceted phenomenon that requires attention from across the social and natural sciences as well as the humanities. Unlike most academic texts, these chapters are written in a personal and engaging style indicating not only that the Anthropocene is a worthy subject of scholarly attention, but that its implications are existentially important to the authors, who are not just researchers, but also global citizens.

• Aguilar-Støen, Mariel & Jakobsen, Jostein (2023). Globalisert kjøttproduksjon: Å forstå forholdet mellom helse og miljø som romlige fenomener. I Cruickshank, Jørn & Aasetre, Jørund (Red.), Innføring i samfunnsgeografi. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245021615. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rutt, Rebecca Leigh & Jakobsen, Jostein (2022). The ‘brother layer problem’: Routine killing, biotechnology and the pursuit of ‘ethical sustainability’ in industrial poultry. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. ISSN 2514-8486. doi: 10.1177/25148486221131195. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The global poultry industry culls approximately seven billion day-old male layer chicks annually. Superfluous to both egg and meat, male ‘brother’ layers constitute a momentous problem, simultaneously economical and ethical, to the poultry industry. In this article, we scrutinize present and proposed alternatives to routine killing involving multiple biotechnological innovations, including novel methods for fetus sexing, genome editing technologies and re-sexing. We utilize a political ecological perspective that views attempts to solve the ‘brother layer problem’ as discursive and techno-scientific ‘fixes’ to problems of the capitalist poultry industry's own making and to rising demands for ethics and environmental-friendly animal agriculture. This context opens new avenues for profit-making by and for an expanding matrix of actors we view as an evolving ‘economy of repair’ that is built in part by public resources. Further, these fixes constitute an ostensible ‘ethical sustainability’ meant to signal both animal welfare and environmental improvements, which seem to work towards stabilizing agro-industry, thereby foreclosing alternatives to agro-industrial intensification.

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• Støen, Mariel Cristina; Jakobsen, Jostein & Rutt, Rebecca Leigh (2026). One Health, Ecology, and the Politics of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Routledge. ISBN 9781003558217. 256 s. doi: 10.4324/9781003558217. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This book explores the critical intersection of contemporary livestock production and some of today’s most urgent challenges: the spread of emerging infectious diseases, the sustainability of food systems, and the contested promises of One Health. It provides insights that cut across disciplines and geographies, from both the social and the natural sciences, reflecting the interdisciplinary aspirations of One Health. Yet, in foregrounding especially cutting edge contributions from ecology and the social sciences, this book addresses the persistent knowledge gap from these fields, which have frequently been neglected in favor of the veterinary sciences. By including contributions from across these fields, the book broadens and critically deepen the conversation around One Health. The book is intended for a wide interdisciplinary audience of scholars, students, and practitioners concerned with livestock production, public health, and the future of food systems.

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• Aguilar-Støen, Mariel; Jakobsen, Jostein & Barbesgaard, Mads (2025). Dynamics of incorporation among classes of capital in the aftermath of global outbreaks of avian flu. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2024). Dangerous liaisons: unveiling the co-constitution of emerging infectious diseases and industrial meat production. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jakobsen, Jostein (2024). Turnover time in the pandemic era: Industrial poultry, avian influenza and supply-chain capitalism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Støen, Mariel Cristina (2023). Examining the links between meat, viruses and disease in the Anthropocene. I Münster, Ursula; Eriksen, Thomas Hylland & Schroer, Sara Asu (Red.), Responding to the Anthropocene: Perspectives from Twelve Academic Disciplines. Scandinavian Academic Press. ISSN 9788230403624. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Anthropocene - the era of humans - refers to a time when humanity has left its indelible stamp on the planet, including its geology and biogeochemistry. Understanding the Anthropocene, where the risk of irreversible and catastrophic ecological damage looms on the horizon, is a daunting task and solutions seem to be difficult to come by. What we offer in this book consists of fifteen perspectives on the Anthropocene written by scholars with backgrounds in over a dozen academic disciplines - archaeology, biology, geology, cultural history, literature, art history, science and technology studies, anthropology, political ecology, geography and law. Together, they offer tools enabling us to grasp the Anthropocene as a multifaceted phenomenon that requires attention from across the social and natural sciences as well as the humanities. Unlike most academic texts, these chapters are written in a personal and engaging style indicating not only that the Anthropocene is a worthy subject of scholarly attention, but that its implications are existentially important to the authors, who are not just researchers, but also global citizens.

• Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2023). Brewing risk? Biodiversity, virus outbreaks and the meat industry in Latin America. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jakobsen, Jostein & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2021). Avskogingspandemien. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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