Benedicte Bull

• Bull, Benedicte & Delascio, Gustavo Cadenas (2026). The New Political Economy of Climate Mitigation: Impetus to or Hindrance against Environmental Regionalization in the Global South? In Ruiz, José Briceno & Rivarola, Andres (Ed.), Handbook on Political Economy and Regionalism. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781035336388. p. 272–288. doi: 10.4337/9781035336395.00028. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This chapter develops a political economy framework to analyze the trajectory of environmental regionalism in the Global South. It argues that the geopolitical competition among the European Union, the United States, and China for resources critical to the ‘green transition’ creates a central paradox. Using Latin America as an illustrative case, we show how these external powers simultaneously promote environmental norms while their economic engagement reinforces the extractive models that undermine sustainability. The outcome of these competing pressures is a 'fragmented integration', where regional environmental governance is often weakened or bypassed in favor of bilateral arrangements and externally-driven standards. The analysis challenges simplistic views of external influence and highlights the challenges for states navigating the contemporary global order. It concludes that understanding the political economy of this fragmentation is key to grasping the future of environmental regionalism in an era of great power rivalry.

• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2026). The Politics of Sanctions. In Nesi, Hilary & Milin, Petar (Ed.), Reference Module in Social Sciences. Elsevier. ISSN 9780443157851. doi: https:/www.researchgate.net/publication/408099397_The_Politics_of_Sanctions. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  International sanctions are coercive measures imposed by states or international organizations to influence the behavior of a target, typically another state, but can include non-state actors, by restricting access to goods, services, financial intermediation, foreign markets, or resources without resorting to military force. In this chapter, we historicize the use of sanctions in international politics and discuss their proliferation, efficiency, and unintended effects, based on our extensive research on Venezuela. The use of sanctions has increased significantly in recent decades. The specialized literature demonstrates that their effectiveness has been questionable at achieving their stated goals. Nonetheless, sanctions continue to have effects, from increased informality to a potential reconfiguration of trade and financial routes in recent times. This expansion in the use of sanctions can contribute to greater instability in global politics and a re-arrangement of trade and financial interconnections.

• Bull, Benedicte (2026). From bolibourgeoisie to cryptocrats: how the crisis and sanctions reshaped Venezuela’s ruling elite into a new oligarchy. Third World Quarterly. ISSN 0143-6597. p. 21–21. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2026.2633287. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article examines whether Venezuela’s prolonged ongoing crisis, intensified by international sanctions, is fostering the emergence of a new oligarchy. Extending theories on the relationship between the modern state and oligarchic cohesion, it proposes a three variable framework to understand the drivers of oligarchic change in Venezuela: (1) a regression of the functional differentiation of the state; (2) a shift in the sources of wealth from oil rent to illicit commodities and cryptocurrency based finance; and (3) the evolution of an authoritarian regime blurring public private boundaries. Sanctions have accelerated the transformation by forcing economic liberalisation, reallocating scarce dollars and licences to loyal actors, and spurring diversification into illicit and crypto channels, supplying resources for patronage networks. Empirical evidence from secondary sources, legal proceedings, and interviews identifies four emergent clusters of elites – sanction evaders, military millionaires, new ‘kings of commerce’, and ‘cryptocrats’. These groups depend on regime granted privileges, creating a feedback loop that deepens authoritarian capitalism and patrimonialism. The analysis therefore highlights that sanctions are not merely a tool of economic pressure; they can act as a catalyst for re‑configuration of elite relations, towards an oligarchic formation that fuses state power, illicit enterprise and digital finance.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). The changing face of oligarchy in Latin America: Implications for democracy and development. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. ISSN 0924-0608. p. 15–25. doi: 10.32992/erlacs.11451. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This exploration analyses the evolving nature of oligarchy in Latin America amid technological change and global wealth concentration. While traditional family-based elites rooted in land, commodities, and protected industries continue to dominate, a new tech-based elite has emerged through fintech, e-commerce, and digital platforms. These actors differ from old oligarchs in origin, global mobility, and dependence on digital infrastructure, yet increasingly intersect with established elites through investment alliances and shared economic interests. The exploration argues that their power lies less in direct political intervention and more in infrastructural control over data and digital services, reinforcing new forms of dependency and state capture. Although the tech elite introduces innovation and entrepreneurial dynamism, its limited commitment to taxation, redistribution, and democratic accountability suggests continuity in wealth defence strategies. Rather than transforming power structures, Latin America faces a reconfigured oligarchy with uncertain implications for democracy and development.

• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2025). Chinese impact on development in Venezuela: the dynamics of structural stagnation. New Political Economy. ISSN 1356-3467. 31(1), p. 125–144. doi: 10.1080/13563467.2025.2531004. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article traces the impact of China’s engagement on development in Venezuela from 2001 to 2023. We build on long-established theories of development and evaluate how the relationship has influenced three conditions crucial for development: industrialisation, economic diversification, and institutional strength. We discuss the impact of Chinese engagement in three phases: the first phase runs from 2006 to 2016, when bilateral investment funds were active; the second phase, from 2016 to 2023, is characterised by the sanctions imposed by the U.S. and Venezuela’s economic collapse. The third phase begins in 2023, marked by an attempt to reactivate the Venezuelan private sector through Special Economic Zones (SEZs). We argue that while China has emphasised its engagement in the Global South as one that prioritises development, in Venezuela, it has, in fact, contributed to the opposite. Earlier in the relationship, oil dependency deepened, and the governance of the binational development funds lacked accountability and oversight, producing feedback loops that countered diversification and weakened institutions. In recent times, the relationship has turned into a more traditional dynamic of dependency: Venezuela receives limited investments for low-productivity jobs and serves as a market for consumer products while exporting commodities, resulting in a structural stagnation.

• Bull, Benedicte; Rosales, Antulio & Sutherland, Manuel (2025). Authoritarian Capitalism in Venezuela: The Political Economy of Maduro’s Disorderly Liberalization. In Polga-Hecimovich, John & Raúl, Sánchez-Urribarri (Ed.), Authoritarian Consolidation in Times of Crisis: Venezuela under Nicolás Maduro. Routledge. ISSN 9781032601670. p. 63–81. doi: 10.4324/9781003457886-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This chapter explains the form of authoritarian capitalism that is emerging in Venezuela. We integrate insights from the “varieties of capitalism” literature with that of Weberian state theory of the developmental state and its opposites, to explain the evolving form of capitalism in Venezuela. This system is broadly characterized by the dominance of private property and of production for profit by private companies, but economic opportunities are conditioned by political loyalty to the government and its allies. Its evolution is part of the regime's autocratic consolidation, which rests on repression, co-optation, and strategies of institutional legitimation. Under authoritarian capitalism, economic policy-making is driven by the regime's need for staying in power, in part through benefiting a small group of key supporters. Characterized by a state with weak capacity, this system reproduces inequalities, is largely uncompetitive, and can deepen pockets of violence and predation. We build on empirical work carried out in Venezuela in the past decade, including surveys with emerging business sectors as well as interviews with experts, businesses, and policymakers.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Does the Rise of the Global South Weaken Democracy? The Pivotal Case of the 2024 Presidential Elections in Venezuela. Forum for Development Studies. ISSN 0803-9410. 52(2), p. 361–382. doi: 10.1080/08039410.2024.2424582. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  It is a common critique of the Global South that its rising protagonism is a tool for authoritarian forces. The prominent role of authoritarian countries in coalitions such as BRICS and the Non-Aligned Movement, which claim to represent the Global South, has strengthened this concern. To shed light on those issues, this paper provides an in-depth case study of the 2024 elections crisis in Venezuela and the role of the Global South in resolving it. The question asked is to what extent countries identifying with the Global South were able to simultaneously promote democracy and adopt a foreign policy identity aligned with the Global South. The paper shows how the position and action of different Global South countries differed significantly, from an outright rejection of the fraudulent elections, to their endorsement. There were also concerted efforts by countries strongly identifying with the Global South to facilitate a democratic solution. The main argument developed is that a Global South narrative’s interweaving of anti-imperialism and opposition against foreign interference with opposition against liberal democracy promotion has left a limited space for democracy advocacy among countries with a Global South identity. This may weaken democratic forces among Global South countries in the future.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). The Rise of Authoritarian Capitalism: What Does It Mean for Businesses that Seek Peace? Business Horizons. ISSN 0007-6813. 68(4), p. 413–424. doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2025.02.013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The global trend toward authoritarian regimes has significant implications for businesses’ capacity to foster peaceful societies. This article delves into this issue by first examining the concept of authoritarian capitalism. Authoritarian capitalism is characterized by a dominant economic system that favors private property and for-profit production but restricts access to finance, contracts, and investment opportunities on the basis of political loyalty to the ruling government. Economic policies and governance prioritize the regime’s desire to retain power rather than maximizing societal benefits. Furthermore, this article examines the cases of Venezuela and El Salvador, each of which have each taken distinct trajectories toward authoritarian capitalism. Despite differences in their approaches, in both cases, democratic spaces that allowed business advocacy and local initiatives have been gradually closed. Often, the closure of these democratic spaces is a condition to accessing economic opportunities. Hence, the advent of authoritarian capitalism poses deep challenges for businesses. Lastly, this article concludes by proposing ways for businesses to confront the decline of democracy and the emergence of authoritarian capitalism.

• Bull, Benedicte & Banik, Dan (2025). The Rebirth of the Global South: Geopolitics, Imageries and Developmental Realities. Forum for Development Studies. ISSN 0803-9410. 52(2), p. 195–214. doi: 10.1080/08039410.2025.2490696. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The term ‘Global South’ has seen a resurgence in recent years, evolving from a synonym for the ‘Third World’ to a geo-historical concept representing low- and middle-income countries and emerging powers. Despite growing prominence in global policy debates, its meaning remains contested. In this introductory article to the special issue, we first discuss five distinct interpretations identified in the literature. We emphasize that Global South is characterized by internal diversity, evolving roles, and shifting alliances, while remaining anchored in the broader struggles for global justice and systemic transformation that give the concept its political meaning. The second part analyses the role of the Global South in reshaping global governance as countries within this grouping navigate strategic balancing between major powers, influencing emerging multipolar dynamics. Through a dialogue with the articles in the special issue we illustrate how the role of the Global South moves far beyond being critical of the west and a liberal world order, but rather both challenge and reaffirm some of the norms underpinning such an order. The third part discusses how South-South Cooperation (SSC) emerges as a vehicle for reconfiguring global cooperation, driven by strategic interests and diverse forms of engagement. The articles in this special issues provide examples of the multifaceted nature of this engagement. Overall, this special issue provides insights into how the Global South’s complexities intersect with geopolitical shifts, challenging traditional norms and offering new frameworks for global governance transformation.

• Bull, Benedicte (2024). China and the New Geopolitics of Climate Multilateralism in Latin America. Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. ISSN 0046-8444. 53(1), p. 44–58. doi: 10.16993/iberoamericana.633. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The role of China in the world and in Latin America is rapidly changing. From being a fast-developing nation, scouring the world for raw materials and markets for its own industrialization, it has set out to be a global leader, also on climate change mitigation. This has become a geopolitical issue, particularly since it involves energy and land use change. China is seeking to secure its interests through building multilateral coalitions and striking bilateral agreements that allow the combination of pursuing their own geopolitical interests and climate mitigation goals and tying a broad set of countries into China’s orbit. This paper discusses how this process shapes Latin America’s climate agenda. China’s agenda diverges on many issues from those pursued by Latin American countries and actors. At the same time, Chinese strategies meet resistance, due both to Latin America fragmentation and other actors’ geopolitical interests, mainly those of the EU and the USA. I argue that China is pursuing a vision of a green transformation placing “development” in focus in line with a “thin” understanding of sustainability. What is emerging is a “transmuted” multilateralism wherein new institutions coexist with existing ones that are given new content.

• Bull, Benedicte; Bergmann, Adrian & Gude, Rafael (2024). Against the Odds: Small Business Strategies for Managing Extortion in San Salvador. Journal of Illicit Economies and Development (JIED). 6(1), p. 79–92. doi: 10.31389/jied.203. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Since the mid-2000s, extortion has impacted social and economic development in El Salvador significantly. Against the grain of the extant literature, which predominantly takes for granted that extorted businesses are passive victims, we leverage business surveys and 103 interviews, primarily with 54 micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in the San Salvador metropolitan area, El Salvador, to explore (a) the impact of extortion and (b) how businesses operate in the face of extortion. We conducted some interviews before and others during the state of exception in force since March 2022, garnering unique insight into both impacts and business strategies. By way of statistical analyses, we elucidate the differential impact of extortion on Salvadoran MSEs, showing that the very smallest businesses suffer a disproportionately heavy burden. Drawing upon extensive fieldwork, we find that MSEs (a) act strategically in the face of extortion, (b) adopt a diversity of strategies to manage extortion on a continuum from avoidance to adaptation, negotiation, and resistance, and (c) have different ranges of strategies available to them, largely varying according to the businesses’ mix of tangible and intangible resources, which MSEs leverage to manage extortion and ameliorate its impact.

• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2024). Elite Dynamics and China's Influence in Latin-America. Development and Change. ISSN 0012-155X. 55(5), p. 1206–1229. doi: 10.1111/dech.12861. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The rise of China as a trading partner, lender, and investor is among the most significant developments in the global political economy over the last two decades. This shift has created important new opportunities for developing countries, but it has also introduced new challenges, with benefits and drawbacks unevenly distributed across different nations. This paper argues that understanding the developmental consequences of China’s involvement requires studying not only Chinese priorities and modalities but also the interests and strategies of local elites. The development of Latin America has been profoundly influenced by these elite interests, which are shaped by the region's integration into the global economy. Elites may leverage the benefits of the relationship to China to enhance their rent-seeking capabilities and limit competition, thereby hindering development and perpetuating inequality in Latin America. This argument is examined through the contrasting cases of Chile and Venezuela: while Chile’s approach to China has been dominated by private sector elites, Venezuela’s has been driven by governmental elites. In both cases, integration with China is shaped by and in has in turn strengthened interests and strategies of the elites.

• Bull, Benedicte & Hoelscher, Kristian (2023). Pandemic Micropolitics in Latin America: Small Business and the Governance of Crisis From Above and Below in El Salvador. Journal of Politics in Latin America. ISSN 1866-802X. doi: 10.1177/1866802X231159686. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The COVID-19 pandemic had severe impacts in Latin America, with small businesses intensely affected. Beyond its economic consequences, the pandemic also exacerbated structural flaws in some of the region's weakly institutionalised democracies, diminishing State legitimacy and expanding that of organised criminal groups. In considering how State governance from above is challenged by non-state governance from below, this article examines a “pandemic micropolitics” as seen through the lens of support to the small business sector. We outline a framework to understand co-governance in hybrid political orders during crises; and examine this using case studies of urban informal markets and the transport sector in El Salvador. In showing that the pandemic contributed to a renegotiation of co-governance between the State, criminal organisations, and business associations, we contribute to understandings of the dynamics of distributive politics and the co-governance of crisis; and the potential implications for a post-COVID-19 political economy in Latin America.

• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Cómo las sanciones a Venezuela abrieron paso a un capitalismo autoritario. Nueva sociedad. ISSN 0251-3552. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). A transformative post-development state? State institutions as change makers in the Anthropocene, Handbook of International Development and the Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781800883772. p. 83–99. doi: 10.4337/9781800883789. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  From its very incipient form, the environmental critique of ‘development’ understood as modernization, industrialization and economic growth, was accompanied by a critique of the state as a modernizing actor. The main driver of protection of natural resources and sustainable livelihoods was rather expected to be social movements that could conduct social action ‘from below’. Transnational advocacy networks, rather than modern states, were entrusted with scaling up action. However, it is increasingly evident that large scale collective action is needed to meet the challenges of simultaneously mitigating climate change and protect natural resources while also providing adequate livelihoods for the world’s population. An urgent question is thus: What actors and institutions should be responsible for a transformation capable of responding to this triple crisis? This chapter explores the question of what role the modern state can play in a transition towards sustainability. It reviews the literature on ‘green’ or ‘ecological’ states, and argues that such are based on two questionable ideas: that the development model based on growth can be ‘decoupled’ from its environmental impact, and that basic problems of security and state legitimacy are resolved. The paper goes on to discuss how a transformative state that takes on these challenges would look like. It argues that such a state could emerge as the protector of the population against the most devastating consequences of climate change and the nature crisis, while seeking to combine strategies of degrowth and exploiting potential for growth in sectors that may contribute to a sustainable transformation. This requires new forms of alliance building and construction of both domestic and international legitimacy.

• Bull, Benedicte & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2023). Introduction to Handbook on International Development and the Environment: from limits to growth to a transformation for the Anthropocene, Handbook of International Development and the Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781800883772. p. 1–25. doi: 10.4337/9781800883789. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosales, Antulio; Bull, Benedicte & Sutherland, Manuel (2023). Depredación y ausencia de burocracia: la situación de los empleados públicos en Venezuela desde la mirada de la capacidad estatal. América Latina Hoy. ISSN 1130-2887. 93. doi: 10.14201/alh.29735. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Deterioration and absence of bureaucracy: The situation of public employees in Venezuela from a state capacity perspective

• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2023). How Sanctions Led to Authoritarian Capitalism in Venezuela. Current history (1941). ISSN 0011-3530. 122(841), p. 49–55. doi: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.841.49. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  After a deterioration of democratic conditions in Venezuela, in 2017 the United States intensified its sanctions imposed on the regime of Nicolás Maduro. The sanctions failed to topple the regime, but they accelerated the transformation of the Venezuelan economy. To counter the sanctions, Maduro carried out substantive economic policy changes, resulting in the emergence of a neo-patrimonial and authoritarian form of capitalism. In this new model, private ownership is the rule, and economic agents operate for profit. Yet there is frequent state intervention that denies individuals’ fundamental political and economic rights, and the purpose of laws and regulations is ensuring regime survival.

• Bull, Benedicte & Sanchez, Francisco (2023). Las élites (políticas) desde América Latina. In Barragán, Mélany & Puig, Salvador Martí (Ed.), América Latina. Democracias frágiles y conflictividad. Tirant Lo Blanch Grupo Editorial. ISSN 9788419588289. p. 89–121. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Caught in the Crossfire: The Inter-American Development Bank and US–China Rivalry. Global China Pulse. ISSN 2004-4607. 1(1). Full text in Research Archive
• Banik, Dan & Bull, Benedicte (2022). Multilateralism to the Rescue? Beijing’s Support for Multilateral Institutions during the COVID-19 Crisis. Internationales Asienforum. ISSN 0020-9449. 53(2). doi: 10.11588/iqas.2022.2.14102. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  During the global COVID-19 crisis, China has portrayed itself as a “champion of multilateralism” – defending UN institutions and its own multilateral initiatives in a variety of spheres. China’s approach has, however, often been criticised for undermining multilateralism through its use of multilateral platforms as arenas to contest US leadership. This paper examines the official Chinese discourse on multilateralism during the COVID 19 crisis in the years 2020 and 2021 in light of Beijing’s multilateral diplomacy in the Global South, exemplified by the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) and the China-CELAC Forum (China–Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Forum). The authors argue that China’s growing multilateral engagement must be understood in the context of a multilateral system that was already in crisis before the pandemic due to its inability to resolve major global challenges. The term “multilateralism” is essentially used by Beijing to discursively oppose “unilateralism”. While its active multilateral engagement may be able to prevent and resolve major global crises in the future, Beijing’s approach offers limited multilateral spaces for deliberation and contestation by weaker states and non-state actors.

• Bull, Benedicte; Rosales, Antulio & Sutherland, Manuel (2022). Venezuela: lujo, desigualdades y «capitalismo bodegonero». Nueva sociedad. ISSN 0251-3552. Marzo-Abril(298). Full text in Research Archive
• Miklian, Jason; Bull, Benedicte; Ganson, Brian; Katsos, John E; Cechvala, Sarah & Hoelscher, Kristian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). What Covid-19 Taught Us About Doing Business During a Crisis. Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Full text in Research Archive
• Sveinsdottir, Anna; Sveinsdóttir, Anna Guðbjört; Aguilar-Støen, Mariel & Bull, Benedicte (2020). Resistance, repression and elite dynamics: Unpacking violence in the Guatemalan mining sector. Geoforum. ISSN 0016-7185. 118, p. 117–129. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.12.011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Guatemala is one of the most mining conflict prone countries in the world, with disproportionately high levels of violence accompanying the sector. Starting in the early 2000's, the rapid spread of mining projects throughout the country’s rural areas engendered widespread popular opposition among affected communities. Anti-mining activism in turn elicited a reaction from the government and the mining sector that was overwhelmingly characterised by violence, repression and criminalisation, making Guatemala one of the most dangerous countries in the world per capita for environmental activists. Drawing on fieldwork carried out between 2013 and 2017, this article examines why mining – an industry of relatively limited economic importance in Guatemala - is accompanied by such high levels of violence and repression. We suggest that mining, rather than having a high economic value, holds strategic value to the country’s powerful elite, and that violence is part of securing control over land more generally and operationalising the mining sector in particular. In recent years, Guatemala has witnessed the entrance of new transnational elites associated with multinational mining corporation. While these new elites control access to international markets and technology, they remain in a subordinate position vis-à-vis the old, local elites because the latter still exercise control over crucial political resources, networks of information and land. By forming alliances with and providing services to transnational mining corporations, a faction of the economic elite strengthens and secures its position as a powerful political actor and its access to profitable business, i.e., infrastructure development or selling energy to mining companies.

• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Élites y capacidad estatal en América Latina: una perspectiva basada en recursos sobre los cambios recientes en El Salvador. In Andrade, Pablo (Eds.), Nuevos enfoques para el estudio de los estados latinoamericanos. Corporación Nacional Editorial. ISSN 9789978199862. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Sánchez, Francisco (2020). Eliter, populisme og venstrebølgens endelikt i Latin-Amerika. Agora Journal for metafysisk spekulasjon. ISSN 0800-7136. 37(1-2), p. 88–114. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Sánchez, Francisco (2020). Élites y populistas: los casos de Venezuela y Ecuador. Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. ISSN 0046-8444. 49(1), p. 96–106. doi: 10.16993/iberoamericana.504. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In spite of the large number of studies of populism, few have discussed the relationship between populism and different types of elites, apart from showing the antielitism of the discourse that characterizes populist movements and leaders. This article argues that the relationship to elites is crucial to understand how populist regimes emerge, gain power and sustain themselves. Comparing Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and Rafael Correa of Ecuador, we show that they were not simply two authoritarian leaders that gained power through democratic channels. They had profound similarities as populist leaders with a maniquean anti-elitist discourse. One difference between them was that Chavez emphasized and succeeded with, his construction of alternative elites after his confrontation with traditional, elites, while Correa did not. This is part of the explanation for why the “Citizens Revolution” of Rafael Correa collapsed, while chavismo has survived and turned increasingly authoritarian form under the leadership of Nicolas Maduro. The comparison serves to open a field of study of elites and the concentration of economic and political power under populist leaders of all shadows, that may enrich the study of populism.

• Bull, Benedicte & Rivera, Francisco Robles (2020). El COVID-19, las élites y el futuro de la economía política de la reducción de la desigualdad en América Latina. CEPAL Review. ISSN 0251-2920. 2020(132), p. 79–94. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rivera, Francisco Robles (2020). El COVID-19, las élites y el futuro de la economía política de la reducción de la desigualdad en América Latina. CEPAL Review. ISSN 0251-2920. p. 99–114. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2020). Into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in Venezuela. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. ISSN 0924-0608. 109(Januar-June), p. 107–133. doi: 10.32992/erlacs.10556. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article studies the effects of sanctions on different economic sectors in Venezuela, framed as a rentier capitalist state. We analyse four sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture, manufacturing, and what we call “emerging sectors” (mining and cryptocurrency activities). We argue that sanctions and counter-strategies employed by the state have produced multiple transformations, such as the informalization and criminalization of the economy, which undercut the recovery of Venezuelan economic development and democracy. These effects manifest in an increase in the barter-economy, de facto dollarization, the expansion of activities such as mining and cryptocurrency use, and the spread of illegal actors and military intervention in critical sectors. This study is inscribed in comparative and international politics traditions, related to the interactions of international constraints with domestic political economy actors and structures. Through a qualitative approach, we fill an important gap both in the literature on Venezuelan sanctions, and on sanctions more broadly.

• Bull, Benedicte (2020). A new Global Resource Order, Elites and the Environment in Latin America. In Giovanna, Franca; Freire, Danilo & Mignozzetti, Umberto (Ed.), Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. ISSN 9786599008467. p. 45–73. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2020). The crisis in Venezuela: Drivers, transitions, and pathways. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. ISSN 0924-0608. 109(1), p. 1–21. doi: 10.32992/erlacs.10587. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this introduction, we present the main contributions of this special collection, which aim to open the analysis to the broader political and economic processes that underpin Venezuela’s recent crisis. We highlight the transition from a limited democracy to an authoritarian regime and some of the potential pathways to democratization. We further explain how the political transition that occurred in the last decade was influenced by structural conditions of the Venezuelan economy, elaborating on the collapse of the Venezuelan rentier economy and some of the emerging processes that feed the strengthening of authoritarianism. Lastly, we analyse how these transformations have been affected by a changing international order with emerging actors and dynamics in a global order upheaval. The articles in this special collection locate in Venezuela’s crisis on broader theoretical discussions rooted in comparative and historical perspectives.

• Bull, Benedicte & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2019). Peace-building and business elites in Guatemala and El Salvador: explaining the discursive ‘institutional turn’. Conflict, Security and Development. ISSN 1467-8802. 19(1), p. 121–141. doi: 10.1080/14678802.2019.1561635. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & McNeill, Desmond (2019). From market multilateralism to governance by goal setting: SDGs and the changing role of partnerships in a new global order. Business and Politics. ISSN 1369-5258. 21(4), p. 464–486. doi: 10.1017/bap.2019.9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Business has been involved in cooperation with multilateral organizations through public-private partnerships (PPPs) since the late 1990s. With their adoption of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), multilateral institutions increasingly consider partnerships as a means to achieve their goals given their own limited implementation capacity. However, the global economic order has changed significantly since the first expansion of PPPs, particularly due to growing participation by non-western states and companies. This article asks how this shift has changed the eagerness to form partnerships, as well as their qualitative content. It analyzes the 3964 partnerships in the SDG partnership registry, focusing on the subset of them that includes business partners. We divide these into five groups: local implementation, resource mobilization, advocacy, policy, and operational partnerships. We study PPPs involving companies from different varieties of capitalism—private, market based forms, and state-led forms of capitalism. We find that PPPs are still dominated by companies and other actors from Western countries. Moreover, business participate more in U.S.- and Canadian-led partnerships than others. We also find strong differences regarding what category of PPPs that companies from different backgrounds engage in, and discuss the linkages between varieties of capitalism and PPP participation.

• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Combating Inequality: Is There a “Scandinavian Way” to Reduce Inequality in Latin America? Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. ISSN 0046-8444. 48(1), p. 53–66. doi: 10.16993/iberoamericana.454. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Latin America experienced a process of reduction in income inequality between 2002 and 2014, a period in which most other countries experienced an increase. However, since then inequality has started to increase again. The Scandinavian countries are often regarded as models of low inequality, in spite of recent increases. If compared to Latin America, what stands out about Scandinavia is that one has managed to sustain processes of inequality reduction over several decades in spite of political shifts and changing economic conditions. This paper seeks to identify aspects of the interaction between structural factors, policy changes, and strengthening or weakening of change agents, that have led to sustained inequality reduction in the Scandinavian countries (with a particular emphasis on Norway), and discuss their relevance for Latin America.

• Bull, Benedicte & Miklian, Jason (2019). Towards Global Business Engagement with Development Goals? Multilateral Institutions and the SDGs in a Changing Global Capitalism. Business and Politics. ISSN 1369-5258. 21(4), p. 445–463. doi: 10.1017/bap.2019.27. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Over the last decades, encouragement of business engagement with environmental and socio-economic development has gained prominence due to the perceived weakening of states and multilateral institutions against the forces of global capitalism. Different ways of encouraging changes in business behavior have been promoted, such as the formation of public/private partnerships, corporate social responsibility initiatives, and other forms of non-binding organizational arrangements. However, there is no real consensus on the desired role of business in development, what the best policies for global development are, or what “development” itself is and should be defined as. Indeed, precisely as a formal consensus has been reached on the broad agenda of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, a narrower agenda focusing on industrialization, modernization, and economic growth is promoted by new actors, many originating in the Global South. This special issue asks how the emergence of new actors and the adaptation by global institutions affect the ways in which business engages with development. This introductory article positions the issue's contributions into three discussions: exploring issues of global coherence and division on key debates; understanding how new actors are reshaping the public-private divide; and assessing how disconnects within discourse on business and development can amplify negative societal consequences in fragile settings of weak governance.

• Banik, Dan & Bull, Benedicte (2019). Chinese engagement in Africa and Latin America: does it matter for state capacity? Studying the State: A Global South Perspective. Routledge. ISSN 9780429354472. doi: 10.4324/9780429354472-5. Full text in Research Archive

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• Bull, Benedicte (2026). Trumps bakgård: Fra Monroe doktrine til røverimperialisme i Latin-Amerika. Res Publica. ISBN 9788282263788. doi: https:/respublica.no/produkter/trumps-bakgard/. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Den 3. januar 2026 falt bombene over hovedstaden Caracas. Venezuelas president Nicolás Maduro ble pågrepet og fraktet ut av landet av amerikanske spesialstyrker. Disse dramatiske hendelsene er utgangspunktet for Benedicte Bulls bok om den politiske situasjonen i de latinamerikanske landene. Amerikansk utenrikspolitikk i Latin-Amerika har svingt mellom idealisme og imperialisme siden den såkalte Monroe-doktrinen ble lansert i 1823. Med Donald Trump som president har politikken tatt en ny vending, og han skyr ingen midler i jakten på narkoterrorister og migranter – og for å holde Kina unna. I Trumps bakgård forklarer Bull hvordan Trumps handlinger i regionen minner om måten kriminelle organisasjoner utvider sitt territorium på – der personlig makt og rikdom trumfer lover og institusjoner, og der statlig suverenitet ikke lenger respekteres.

• Bull, Benedicte & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2023). Handbook of International Development and the Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781800883772. 337 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2023). Handbook on International Development and the Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781800883772. 337 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Latin-Amerika i dag: nye interesser og gamle bånd til USA, Kina, Russland, Midtøsten og Europa. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 9788202734541. 250 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Bull, Benedicte (2026). Latin-Amerika i en ny global ressurskonkurranse. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fra kolonitiden har Latin-Amerika vært preget av stormaktenes kamp om naturressurser. I dag konkurrerer USA, Kina og Europa om både tilgang til enegi, mat og mineraler. En global klimaomstilling har bidratt til økt etterspørsel etter mineraler som Latin-Amerika har store forekomster av, som litium, kobber, kobolt og sjeldne jordarter. I dette foredraget diskuterer Bull hvilke faktorer som har avgjort politikken som latinamerikanske land fører, konfrontert med økt press på sine ressurser. Hun legger frem ny kunnskap om hvordan de latinamerikanske landene selv kan styre, hvilke mål de setter for sin utviklings - og klimapolitikk og med hva slags resultater.

• Bull, Benedicte; Madarriaga, Aldo & Carrazci, Sebastian (2026). Discursive coalitions and critical minerals in Chile. Between extractive dependency and strategic agency. doi: https:/www.criticalmineralspolicylab.org/. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The global energy transition has elevated critical minerals to the centre of development and climate-policy debates. For resource-rich developing countries, this moment appears to offer an opportunity to use mineral wealth for industrial upgrading and structural transformation. Yet critical-mineral agendas are increasingly shaped by interests that displace this developmental promise: advanced economies’ efforts to secure supply, geopolitical competition, corporate preferences for stable extractive frameworks, and domestic political projects that prioritize competitiveness and export continuity over value addition. This article examines how these competing interests shape the domestic policy space for critical minerals in Chile between 2018 and 2026. Drawing on dependency theory, we conceptualize external pressures not as deterministic constraints but as conditions mediated through domestic struggles over ideas, development visions, and state policy. The article compares two major policy processes—the Política Minera 2050 under Sebastián Piñera and the Estrategia Nacional de Minerales Críticos para la Transición Energética under Gabriel Boric—using policy-document analysis, consultation materials, more than 240 press articles, and interviews with public and private actors. We show that global transition and geopolitical discourses structure Chilean mineral policy without determining it. Rather, public officials and business actors mobilize notions of sustainability, decarbonization, competitiveness, and strategic autonomy to construct competing coalitions and legitimize distinct policy preferences. While these narratives can support industrial-policy ambitions, they have predominantly been articulated in ways that preserve extractive-oriented policy frameworks and supply-security imperatives. The Chilean case demonstrates how critical minerals can shift from being framed as a means for a renewable and developmental transition to becoming an object of geopolitical and commercial competition, thereby narrowing the scope for transformative industrial policy in resource-rich countries.

• Bull, Benedicte (2026). Venezuelas skjebne: Kan USA bringe demokrati eller kaos? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Venezuelas fremtid er usikker. Vil USAs grep føre til demokrati eller mer autoritær kontroll?

• Bull, Benedicte (2026). Kronikk: En ny optimisme er oppstått i Venezuela. Kan vi få se en venezuelansk vår? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nesten hver dag har brakt nyheter som vi for få uker siden ville sagt var helt umulige, skriver Benedicte Bull.

• Bull, Benedicte (2026). Demokratiet etter korrupsjonsskandalen: Hva kan vi lære av Latin-Amerika? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Epstein-filene har skapt en historisk tillitskrise i Norge. Det kan være lurt å skue til Latin-Amerika for å finne veien ut av uføret.

• Bull, Benedicte (2026). (+) Voldsbølgen i Mexico er et forvarsel om hva som kan komme ut av Trumps tunge press. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  En stille pakt er det mest logiske valget for Mexicos president frem mot fotball-VM, men kan gjøre kartellene både sterkere og mer brutale på sikt, skriver Benedicte Bull.

• Banik, Dan & Bull, Benedicte (2025). How Latin America sees the new Global South. doi: https:/in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.com/episodes/bull2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dan Banik speaks with Benedicte Bull about how Latin America fits into the shifting idea of the “Global South.” Together, they explore what this identity means in practice, how the region balances ties to China and the United States, and what its experience reveals about power, justice, and development in a changing world order.

• Banik, Dan & Bull, Benedicte (2025). The Rebirth of the Global South: Geopolitics, Imageries, and Developmental Realities. doi: https:/www.tandfonline.com/toc/sfds20/52/2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). SKJEBNETID: I skyggen av fredsprisen – Krigstrommer i Karibia. doi: https:/podcasts.apple.com/no/podcast/skjebnetid-i-skyggen-av-fredsprisen-krigstrommer-i/id1648884802?i=1000732244941. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  USA senker stadig flere båter utenfor Venezuela. Hva er Trumps nye krig mot «narkoterrorisme», og var det lurt å gi fredsprisen til en som støtter ham? Hvorfor gikk det så galt i Venezuela, hvor Maduro driver vanstyre med hard hånd? Benedicte Bull er en av Norges fremste eksperter på Latin-Amerika og ukens gjest i Skjebnetid. I Skjebnetid går Audun Lysbakken inn i Trump, Putin, ny og gammel fascisme, om trusselen fra ytre høyre og hva vi kan gjøre for å skape progressive svar i en urolig tid. Manifest Media er folkefinansiert og avhengig av din støtte: Gå til manifestmedia.no/supporter for å bli med i vår supporterklubb. SKJEBNETID er produsert av Manifest Media.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Kan fredsprisen skape endring i Venezuela? Det avhenger i stor grad av Trump. doi: https:/www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/Ppk25e/nobels-fredspris-fredsprisen-til-maria-corina-machado-er-en-stor-mulighet-til-aa-revitalisere-demokratibevegelsen-i-venezuela. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fredsprisen til María Corina Machado er en stor mulighet til å revitalisere demokratibevegelsen i Venezuela. Den har ligget med brukken rygg siden det katastrofale presidentvalget i juli 2024. Machado får prisen for den heroiske kampen hun kjempet i forkant av valget i 2024. Da reiste hun land og strand rundt og vekket folk fra en desperat apati etter en endeløs økonomisk krise og tiår med skitne spill og undertrykking fra regjeringen.

• Bull, Benedicte & Høgestøl, Sofie Alexandra Engli (2025). Etter fredsprisen - hva nå Venezuela. doi: https:/podcasts.apple.com/dk/podcast/304-etter-fredsprisen-hva-n%C3%A5-venezuela/id1617426775?i=1000732277643. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Latin-Amerika-ekspert Benedicte Bull er tilbake i studio. Bull er statsviter og professor ved Universitetet i Oslo og har selv møtt fredsprisvinner Maria Corina Machado. Hvorfor har reaksjonene til proklameringen av fredsprisen vært så blandede? Hvorfor knytter hun seg så tett til Donald Trump? Og hvem vil egentlig komme for å motta fredsprisen ettersom vinneren selv lever på hemmelig adresse i skjul for Maduro-regimet?

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). En uvanlig fredsprisvinner. doi: https:/www.dagsavisen.no/kommentar/en-uvanlig-fredsprisvinner/10003534. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Venezuela: –⁠ USA posisjonerer seg for angrep. [Journal]. VG. doi: https:/www.vg.no/nyheter/i/dRoQvO/karibia-koker-usa-viser-styrke-mot-venezuela. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Hva vil skje med Maduros regime nå? doi: https:/www.morgenbladet.no/ideer/hva-vil-skje-med-maduros-regime-na/10001234. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nobelprisen kan bidra til det motsatte av fred på kort sikt, skriver Benedicte Bull.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Ekspert: Et begrenset angrep inne i Venezuela mer og mer sannsynlig. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. doi: https:/www.dn.no/utenriks/usa/venezuela/donald-trump/ekspert-et-begrenset-angrep-inne-i-venezuela-mer-og-mer-sannsynlig/2-1-1891234. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  De siste dagenes opptrapping er uten sidestykke i Venezuela og USAs nyere historie, sier Venezuela-ekspert Benedicte Bull

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Ut mot USA: - Fantasifullt. [Journal]. Dagbladet. doi: https:/www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/ut-mot-usa-fantasifullt/83769575. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  USA har krigsskip og bombefly utenfor Venezuelas kyst. - Få ønsker militærintervensjon, mange ønsker endring, sier ekspert.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Milei må reddes av Trump | Klassekampen. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  USA vil hjelpe Argentinas kriserammede president Javier Milei med en økonomisk redningspakke.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Den nye krigen mot «narkoterrorisme» i Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kampen mot «narkoterrorismen» er blitt USAs nye begrunnelse for å ignorere staters suverenitet og internasjonale normer. Det kan ha konsekvenser, også for oss.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). The Birth of Democracy in South America – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Journal of Peace Research. ISSN 0022-3433. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) is a private research institution in peace and conflict studies, based in Oslo, Norway, with around 100 employees. It was founded in 1959 by a group of Norwegian researchers led by Johan Galtung, who was also the institute's first director (1959–1969). It publishes the Journal of Peace Research, also founded by Johan Galtung.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Understanding elites and elite compromises when studying the green shift. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Den nye kryptopopulismen – Dagsavisen. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hva skjer egentlig når statsmakta stiller seg bak kryptovaluta? De siste årene har Latin-Amerika gitt noen svar.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Hvordan Norges valg påvirker Latin-Amerika: En analyse av politisk innflytelse. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det norske stortingsvalget kan påvirke Latin-Amerika, med fokus på autoritære krefter og internasjonal politikk.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). (+) Vi har så vidt sett starten på Trumps nye «krig mot terror». Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Stemplingen av narkotikakarteller som terrororganisasjoner har gitt Donald Trump et nytt repertoar av strategier for å kontrollere Latin-Amerika, skriver Benedicte Bull.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Tecno-plutocracia, democracia y concentración de poder en América Latina. Análisis Carolina. ISSN 2695-4362. doi: 10.33960/AC_07.2025. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  En las últimas décadas, las tecnologías digitales han transformado el capitalismo global, generando una concentración extrema de riqueza y poder en manos de una élite reducida, especialmente a través de plataformas digitales que extraen valor sin compensación justa. Este fenómeno ha impulsado la aparición de una “búsqueda de rentas digitales”, profundizando la desigualdad. En América Latina, las tecnologías digitales ofrecen potencial para superar el estancamiento productivo, pero también podrían agravar las históricas trampas de desarrollo: desigualdad y débil capacidad institucional. Aunque la región tiene pocos multimillonarios globales, su riqueza relativa es significativa. El artículo explora si esta dinámica señala el surgimiento de una tecno-plutocracia en América Latina o si representa una intensificación de patrones ya existentes. Para ello, analiza los conceptos de oligarquía y plutocracia, y evalúa sus implicaciones sobre la democracia en la región.

• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Valget i Bolivia er slutten på en æra. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Ekko: Panamakanalen. [Radio]. P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). USAs utenriksminister Marco Rubio besøker Panama. Her er fem spørsmål og svar. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). USA truer med «nødvendige tiltak» i Panama: –⁠ Denne situasjonen er uakseptabel. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Studio 2: Trump vil sende kriminelle til El Salvador. [Radio]. P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Studio 2: Colombia og USA - Hvordan er forholdet egentlig? [Radio]. P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Latin-Amerika i Trumps skuddlinje. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Latin-Amerika i en ny global (u)orden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). BRICS: solidaritet i sør eller Kinas og Russlands ekkokammer? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). USAs kan vinne slaget, men tape krigen i Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Mener Brasil-toll er pressmiddel: – Her har Trump gått over en ny grense. [Internet]. E24. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Trump la press på Brasil. Det er blitt en gavepakke for Lula. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Handelskrig mellom USA og Brasil: Bolsonaro-saken i sentrum. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Latinamerikansk samling mot Trum? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). – Ligner mer på en konsentrasjonsleir enn på et fengsel. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Rubios store svik. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Nyhetsmorgen: Retttsreform i Mexico. [Radio]. NRK nyhetsmorgen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Faren med å forklare Trump. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Debatten: Trump vil ta tilbake Panama kanalen. [TV]. NRK1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Chinas Changing Presence in Latin America: What does it mean for development and regional cooperation, seminar for EU diplomats. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2025). Studio 2: Rafael Caro Quintero og forholdet Mexico-USA. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Elites y la transición verde. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Foredrag om eliter og statens rolle i ulike former for en grønn transisjon i Latin -Amerika

• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Studio 2. Hvorfor demonstrerer de i Venezuela? [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Las elites politicas desde América Latina. [Radio]. Podcst de Anselmo Flores Andrade. Full text in Research Archive
• Sandanger, Gunnell; Bull, Benedicte; Franchini, Matias Alejandro & Aamodt, Solveig (2024). Understanding environmental policy change in Latin America. CICEROs nettside. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Lærdommen fra Venezuelas valgrøveri. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Kompass: Er paven langsint? [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Aamodt, Solveig; Bull, Benedicte; Franchini, Matias Alejandro; Larsen, Anders Haug; Thoresen, Beate & Kramer, Livia Costa (2024). Power and environmental action in Latin America. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Knytter dette til nordmenn: – Direkte ansvarlig. [Internet]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Resisting backsliding: opposition strategies against the erosion of democracy. European Political Science. ISSN 1680-4333. doi: 10.1057/s41304-023-00469-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Joa Bidens Venezuela-dilemma. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Hvorfor stemmer så mange velgere i verden på autoritære menn? [Journal]. Forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). EKKO: Hvilke sanksjoner fungerer? [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Hva om kokain ble legalisert? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Podcast: Demokrati i krise. [Radio]. Litteraturhusets podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Podcast: Venezuela: Nicolas Maduro og et land i fritt fall. [Radio]. Historier som endret verden podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Podcast: Bitcoin in Latin-Amerika med Benedicte Bull. [Radio]. Bitcoinsnakk Podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Podcast: Benedicte Bull: Venezuela, masseutvandring til Chile, Bukele's gjengkrig og demokratiets kamp. [Radio]. Podcast: Uformell med Kjell . Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Podcast: Venezuela og Hugo Chávez. [Radio]. Podcast: Historier som endret verden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Globusrulett Podcast: Om de store endringene i Mellom-Amerika. [Internet]. Globusrulett. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Bolsonaro tror Trump kan hjelpe ham tilbake til makten: – Det er et tegn. [Internet]. Nettavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Et skjebnevalg for Venezuela og Norge. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Kuppet i Bolivia: Frykter volden vil trappes opp. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). NRK Nyhetsmorgen: Kuppforsøk i Bolivia. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). I dag starter jula i Venezuela. [Radio]. P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Forum 60 +: BRICS: Solidaritet i sør eller Kina og Russlands ekkokammer? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Forholdet mellom Mexico og Spania. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). I glansen fra G20. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). ¿Puede el capitalismo autoritario resolver los problemas de América Latina? Pensamiento Iberoamericano. ISSN 0212-0208. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Amerikas nest viktigste valg. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Maduro erklært valgvinner i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Latin-Amerika ekspert: Usansynlig at valget anerkjennes. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). President Maduro erklært valgvinner i Venezuela etter omstridt valg. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). - Aldri sett maken. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Dagsrevyen 21 - Valget i Venezuela. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Opposisjonsleiar i Venezuela ber folk vera på vakt mot teljejuks. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Latin-Amerika ekspert: En seier til Maduro må verifiseres. [Internet]. ABC Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Kan Venezuela bli frelst? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Dagens: Uenighet om valgresultat i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK p1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Dagsnytt 18, Valg i Venezuela. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Xi knytter stadig sterke bånd i Latin-Amerika – Trump får noe av skylden. [Internet]. ABC Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Kan Venezuela bli frelst igjen? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Presidentvalget i USA. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Under trusler fra Trump øker Kinas innflytelse i Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Det holder ikke å ha kvinnelig president. [Journal]. Universitas. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2024). Military-Crime-Business Relations Threaten to Destabilize El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Carnegie Endowment for International peace. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Bye, Vegard (2024). Venezuela, en test for venstresida. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Får vi et nytt mexicansk mirakel? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Blodig valgkamp i Mexico som kan få kvinnelig president. [Radio]. NRKp2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte; Miklian, Jason; Hoelscher, Kristian & Cechvala, Sarah (2024). SMEs in violent contexts of the Global South: Challenges, Coping Strategies and Policy Implications. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Helgemorgen: Mexico kan få sin første kvinnelige president. [TV]. NRK p2/P1, NRK1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Latin-Amerikas krympende befolkning. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). NRK Kompass: Første kvinne på topp i Mexico. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). China y la Unión Europea en la transición verde en America Latina. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Presidentinsettelsen av Maduro. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Sørover med Trump. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). China and the New Geopolitics of Climate Change Multilateralism in Latin America. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Helgemorgen: Ny etterforskning av Havanna syndromet. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2024). Elecciones en Venezuela: un llamado al progresismo regional. Nueva sociedad. ISSN 0251-3552. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Venezuela en måned etter valget. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Conversatorio Guangzhou: Hacía donde va la relación China-América Latina. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Venezuela: Demokratihåpet som brast. Hvor hender det?. ISSN 0801-9509. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). En knusende dom over valget i Venezuela. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2024). Kinas endrede tilstedeværese i Latin-Amerika: Multilateralisme og utvikling, foredrag for Utenriksdepartementet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Podcast: Hvor lenge varer idyllen i El Salvador? [Internet]. Bitcoinsnakk/Spotify. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Kan Perus demokrati rakne? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). La hora de solidaridad estratégica con América Latina. Full text in Research Archive
• Miklian, Jason; Bull, Benedicte; Hoelscher, Kristian; Cechvala, Sarah & Miller, Benjamin R. (2023). SMEs in Context: What effects do SMEs have on the environments in which they do business? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Urix på lørdag: Kina, Russland og Latin-Amerika. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Voldsbølge i Honduras. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Nei, Kina har ikke kontroll på kontinentet Rykker Kina virkelig inn i USAs bakgård? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Ny aftale skaber håb i Latinamerikas fattigste land: ”Det lyder godt på papiret, men det starter lidt usikkert”. [Internet]. Globalnyt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Nyhetsmorgen: Valg i Ecuador og Guatemala. [TV]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Valg i Ecuador og Guatemala: En delseier for demokratiet og naturen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2023). Guatemala på kanten av stupet. p. 22–23. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Dagens: Angrepet på Brasilia. [Radio]. NRK P1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). NRK Nyheter: Hva skjer i Brasil. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). NRK nyhetsmorgen: Brasil ny president. [TV]. NRK . Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Ni måneder med unntakstilstand: − Omfattende bruk av tortur. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Kasahara, Yuri; Naveda, Jemima Garcia-Godos; Bull, Benedicte; Wiig, Henrik & Marsteintredet, Leiv (2023). Round Table - Concentrade power: How to restore the balance between executive, legislative and judicial powers in Latin American countries? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Urix: Bolsonaros hevn? [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Mexico: Narkotika-kartell-leder arrestert, Kaoset har begynt. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). The World Stage: Does BRICS expansion signify conflict between the West and the rest? [Internet]. NUPI Podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Kampen om kupphistorien. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). TV2 nyhetene: Innsettelsen av Lula. [TV]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Helgemorgen: Etterforskning etter stormingen av Brasilia. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Etter Brasil-stormingen: – Det er mange sinte folk med mye våpen. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). TV2 nyhetene: Storming av Brasilia. [TV]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Beretningen om et varslet terrorangrep. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). La rivalidad entre los EEUU y China y el impacto en Chile y América Latina. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Kriger mot Norge ved hellig elv: - Vi kjemper for livet. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Chiles nye grunnlov i spill. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Kan det bli krig i Latin-Amerika? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Chile: Spydspiss i en ny, aktiv alliansefrihet? In Bye, Vegard & Törnquist, Olle (Ed.), Gjenreising av det globale fellesskapet: Hvor ble det av solidariteten?. Forlaget Kolon. ISSN 9788230026229. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Urix på lørdag: Kan det bli krig i Latin-Amerika? [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Nyhetsmorgen Sjokkterapi Argentina. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). NRK Nyheter: Valget i Guatemala. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). NRK Nyhetsmorgen; Benedicte Bull om virkningen av sanksjonene. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Dagens P1: Rekordmye kokain fra Latin-Amerika. [Radio]. NRKP1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Otra visión de China. El Grand Continent. ISSN 2824-1495. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). En bekymringsmelding fra Latin-Amerika Vesten mister Latin-Amerika. Det haster å gjøre noe med det. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte; Rivarola, Andres & Pakkasvirta, Jussi (2023). La hora de la solidaridad estrategica con América Latina. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). President­kandidat drepen i Ecuador: – Skulle det vere nokon, måtte det bli han. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Dagens: Valg i Ecuador. [Radio]. NRK P1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Drap og drama før valget. [Journal]. Klassekampen . Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Kaos står i vegen for Petro. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Vesten bør ønske Latin-Amerika velkommen som en mulig uavhengig deltager i global politikk. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). América Latina y la UE: geopolítica entre Rusia y China. [Internet]. Deutche Welle. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). På tide å lytte til latinamerikanere flest? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Ikkje på lag med Vesten: Latin-Amerika. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Nyhetsmorgen NRK: Om rettsaken mot Genaro García Luna. [TV]. NRK1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Verdens høyeste inflasjon: Her har prisene økt med over 400 prosent. [Internet]. E24. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Urix: Veien rundt sanksjonene. [TV]. NRK1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Forsker: – Sanksjonene mot Russland er voldsomt oversolgt. [Internet]. NTB. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). El Chapo: Mexicos mest berykta familie. [Internet]. NRK Oppdatert Podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). NRK nyhetsmorgen: Professor Benedicte Bull om etterforskningen etter opprøret i Brasil. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Argentina fra aksen til ilden: Hva kan vi vente oss av Javier Milei? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Elefanten i banankassa. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Bukeles metode. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). 198 land: Chile med Benedicte Bull, del 2. [Radio]. Apple. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). 198 land: Chile med Benedicte Bull, del 1. [Radio]. Apple podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Hvor blir det av freden i Colombia? Hvor hender det?. ISSN 0801-9509. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Argentinas desperate valg. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). NRK Nyheter om 50 år siden kuppet i Chile. [TV]. NRK . Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Ekko: Kuppet i Chile formet synes på Latin-Amerika. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). 50 år siden militærkuppet i Chile, del 2. [Radio]. NRK P1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). 50 år etter kuppet vil Chile lete etter ofrene. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). Ukeslutt: Kan vi trekke linja fra Pablo Escobar til dagens gjengvold i Skandinavia? [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). EKKO: Missekonkurranser og politikk i Latin-Amerika. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2023). TV2 Nyhetene: Om Venezuelas folkeavstemning om Esequibo. [TV]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Globusrulett Podcast: El Salvador. [Internet]. Apple/Spotify. Full text in Research Archive
• Banik, Dan & Bull, Benedicte (2022). Multilateralism to the Rescue: Beijing’s support for multilateral institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Brasilvalg, Dagsrevyen. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Miklian, Jason; Bull, Benedicte; Miller, Benjamin R.; Hoelscher, Kristian; Cechvala, Sarah & Rettberg, Angelika (2022). ISA WORKSHOP - NASHVILLE. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). 10 utfordringer for et sensasjonelt comeback for Lula. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Lula seier i Brasil. NRK Nyhetsmorgen. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Ukraina-krisens latinamerikanske sideshow. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Benedicte Bull har tru på ein 36 år gammal president: – Chile er superinteressant. [Journal]. Uniforum. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Orre, Aslak Jangård (2022). MultiChina seminar: Will China Come to the Rescue? Post-Pandemic Crises and the Role of China in Latin America and Africa. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Urix på lørdag: Vi må ta Latin-Amerika på større alvor. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Dagens: Om Chiles nyvalgte president. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Statsviter bil bidra til ny kunnskap om Latin-Amerika. [Journal]. Utrop. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Brasilvalg, Dagens NRK. [Radio]. NRK P1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). En grønn EU-plan for Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Presidentvalg i Brasil på søndag, Dagens. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Venezuela no es un país socialista, es un país capitalista de bodegones. [Internet]. BBC. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Bør Norge engasjere seg i fredsamtaler med voldelige aktører? Erfaringer fra Colombia og Venezuela. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Årets første aktivist-drap i Colombia. [Journal]. Bistandsaktuelt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). En forandringens vind blåser over kontinentet. [Journal]. Bistandsaktuelt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Vil sanksjonene mot Russland virke? Dette har vi lært fra Venezuela. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Kan Venezuela lykkes denne gangen? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte; Bergmann, Adrian & Gude, Rafael (2022). Desafíos para las Pymes en El Salvador hoy. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Global morgen: Latin-Amerika i en ny verdensorden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Uro i Peru, Nyhetsmorgen. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Goffeng på sporet: Etter valget i Brasil. [Radio]. Agenda/Goffeng på sporet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Vindu mot verden: Venezuela og Chile i en ny verdensorden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Lula: 10 utfordringer for et sensasjonelt comeback. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Dagsrevyen: Om valget i Brasil. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Urix på lørdag: Vi er blitt et land av tiggere. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Banik, Dan (2022). MultiChina Seminar: A changing face of China in Latin America and Africa: From economic statecraft to complex multilateralism? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Dagsnytt 18: Valgsjokk i Argentina. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). EKKO: Hvorfor er det så mange kuppforsøk nå? [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Global morgen: Latin-Amerika i en ny verdensorden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Verden sett fra Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Drapsbølge i El Salvador har ført til massearrestasjoner av gjengmedlemmer. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Latin-Amerika har vært en arena der Putin kan gjøre «Russia great again». [Internet]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Journalister utfordrer sensur og sjikane på Cuba. [Internet]. Journalisten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Dagsnytt 18: De som støtter Russland. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Når vold er politisk kommunikasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Great power rivalry and regional cooperation in Latin America: From US-led to Chinese dominated multilateralism? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Dagsnytt 18: Hva kan bli konsekvensene av sanksjonene mot Russland? [TV]. NRK2/P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Towards authoritarian capitalism in Venezuela? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Aftenposten forklart: Putin skal stoppes med sanksjoner, men funker det? [Radio]. Aftenposten Forklart Podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Norges utfordring: Putin versus Maduro. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Studio 2: Ukraina krigen og nye forhandlinger i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). NRK Urix: Latin America og en ny venstrebølge. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Chile: Folkeavstemning om verdens første woke grunnlov. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Å redde et demokrati. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Bolivia: En god historie om utvikling. Bistandsaktuelt. ISSN 1501-0201. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Presidentvalget i Colombia: – Siste mulighet for fredsavtalen. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Feirer dronningens død med champagne. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Kan Latin-Amerika vise vei mot et grønnere samfunn? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Spørsmålet er: Godtar han å tape valget? [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Debatten: Om sanksjonene et halvt år etter at krigen i Ukraina begynte. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Chile kan stemme ned radikal grunnlov – ekspert frykter volden blusser opp. [Journal]. Adressa. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Uventet usikker valgseier for Lula med store konsekvenser for verden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Foreslår millionkutt: – Kan svekke langsiktig bistand og Norges omdømme. [Internet]. Bistandsaktuelt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Opp- og nedturer for demokratiet. [Journal]. LO aktuelt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Lektor Lomsdalens innfall: Benedicte Bull om Demokratiet i Latin-Amerika i dag. [Radio]. Lektor Lomsdalens Innfall. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). Nyhetsmorgen: Russiske kvinner drar til Argentina for å føde barn. [TV]. NRK 1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Banik, Dan (2021). MultiChina Webinar: BRI and SDG: Chinese lenders’ credit policy and practice. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Estudio sobre el desempeño, contexto y apoyo a las PYMES durante Covid-19. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Kan man støtte både selvbestemt abort og avkolonialisering? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Studio 2: Om El Salvador sin innføring av Bitcoin. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Hvem kan redde Brasil? [TV]. NRK 2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Volden eskalerer i Colombia. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Colombia: Det store sviket mot freden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). John Erik (36) i Colombia: − Frykten for at det skal utarte er der alltid. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Strukturelle forklaringer heller enn ulik smittehåndtering som er grunnen til at Latin-Amerika ble rammet så hardt. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Ikke overraskende at Latin-Amerika rammes hardt av pandemien. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Victoria Salazar ble anholdt fordi hun fremsto som «rar». Dødsfallet vekker kraftige reaksjoner. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Er venstresida på vei tilbake i kriserammede Latin-Amerika? [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Nye forhandlinger i Venezuela. [Internet]. Globalnytt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Studio 2: Nye forhandlinger i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Bitcoinsnakk: Benedicte Bull om El Salvador. [Internet]. Podcast: Bitcoinsnakk. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Et geopolitisk veivalg med miljøet som innsats. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Studio 2: Utfordringer for Ecuadors nye president. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Studio 2: I Latin-Amerika er det Brasils Jair Bolsonaro som har mest å frykte når Biden tar over. [Radio]. NRK 2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Kan Bitcoin frelse El Salvador? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Avkolonialiseringens konservative bakside. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Studio 2: Statskupp anklager i Bolivia. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). La diplomacia de la paz de Noruega deja huella en América Latina. [Journal]. El Pais. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Mexico rystes av politikerdrap. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Et halvfullt demokratiglass i Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Vi må snakke om sanksjoner. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Drivkraft: Benedicte Bull. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Skal bytte ut Pinochet-love. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Venezuela: Latin-Amerikas yngste diktatur? [Radio]. Bergen Global: Hvor... og hvorfor?. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Nuevo diálogo en Venezuela. [TV]. CNN Chile . Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Vil Norges politiske uttalelser føre til at andre land endrer politikk? [Journal]. Bistandsaktuelt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Nyhetsmorgen: Svært jevnt valgresultat i Peru. [Radio]. NRK P2/Alltid nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Valgvold i Mexico. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). NRK Dagens: De brasilianske mutasjonene av koronaviruset. [Radio]. NRK P1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Aktivister frykter for livet. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Baksiden av det grønne skiftet: Kampen om Latin-Amerikas litium. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Chiles avgående president i hardt vær. [Radio]. NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Et nytt norsk engasjement for Latin-Amerika? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Studio 2: Nayib Bukele, verdens kuleste diktator. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Stanghelle på fredag: Inflasjon i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK P1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Abortliberalisering og motstand i Latin-Amerika: Hva kan religion forklare? Kirke og kultur. ISSN 0023-186X. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-3002-2021-03-04. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). China and Latin America in the post-Trump era. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2021). Benedicte Bull om El Salvador. Podcast Bitcoinsnakk. [Internet]. Bitcoinsnakk/Spotify. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). På tide å tenke nytt om Venezuela. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Demokratiet svekkes i Latin-Amerika under coronapandemien. [Internet]. ABC Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Slik bidrar koronakrisen til nye typer kriminalitet. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Mexico med tredje flest dødsfall: – Føler meg ikke trygg. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Latin-Amerikas styrtrike redningsmenn - og den nye ulikheten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Nordmenn elsker «det grønne gullet». Men avokadoen knyttes til narkokarteller og miljøforurensing. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Nyhetsmorgen: Stor økning i koronadødstall i Peru. [Radio]. NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Studio 2 - Mexico lodder ut presidentflyet. [Radio]. NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Da koronaen stjal oppmerksomheten, så noen en mulighet. Taperen er regnskogen. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Er det verste over? Noen land tar de første små steg tilbake til normalen. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Hva skjedde med den latinamerikanske stemmen? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Kan Amerika forenes mot koronakrisa? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mens Europa strever med å komme igjennom den andre covid-19-bølgen, har Latin-Amerika vært i en nesten konstant krise siden mars. Nå forsøker landene å danne ulike allianser for å sikre sårt tiltrengte vaksiner. https://www.dagsavisen.no/debatt/kommentar/kan-amerika-forenes-mot-koronakrisa-1.1805020

• Bull, Benedicte & Aguirre, Mariano (2020). Norge settes på harde prøver i spillet om Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Latinamerikanske velgere i USA. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Maduro står fortsatt støtt. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Litt Buddha. Litt Jesus. Litt urfolksfilosof. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Overveldende flertall for ny grunnlov i Chlie. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Finnes en "latinamerikansk stemme"? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). En stor seier for demokratiet i Bolivia. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Latinamerikanerne kan avgjøre valget. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Benedicte Bull: “La oposición en Venezuela está en una situación muy complicada al no tener una plataforma política”. [Journal]. Alnavio. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Trump vil bryte uskreven regel, lanserer ultra-konservativ kandidat. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Studio 2: Coronapandemien i Latin-Amerika. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Mexico: Har passert 43.000 coronadødsfall – nå gjenåpnes kirkene. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). "Por ahora no existe posibilidad de diálogo en Venezuela, el panorama luce trancado». [TV]. AmericaDigital -Cecar Miguel Rondon. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). NRK Dagens: Det kriserammede Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Her går koronatallene feil vei nå. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Latin-Amerika: Kan solidaritetsskatt finansiere korona-regningen? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). I Europa synker smittetallene – men i mange land er det verste på langt nær over. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Latin-Amerika: Fra pandemi til pandaøkonomi. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Vi lever ikke. Vi overlever. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2020). NUEVO ESCENARIO GLOBAL: COVID-19 Y PERSPECTIVAS PARA UNA SALIDA NEGOCIADA EN VENEZUELA. Análisis Carolina. ISSN 2695-4362. doi: 10.33960/AC_31.2020. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Vi er i ferd med å kollapse. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Cinco petroleros iraníes y otra tormenta geopolítica sobre Venezuela. [Internet]. Deutche Welle. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Latin-Amerika i en ny verdensorden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). "Perfect storm" mot Bolsonaro. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Latin-Amerika i koronafryktens favn. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Studio 2: Flyktningekrisen i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Studio 2: Venezuelanske migranter i Colombia og koronapandemien. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Alliance of the geopolitically weak for the greater good. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Studio 2: Spår at Latin-Amerika blir koronavirusets nye episenter. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). I denne byen har flere enn 100 taxisjåfører mistet livet. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Venezuelas Nutella-økonomi. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kronikk i klassekampen. Ble reprodusert på LaBullatina blogg

• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Studio 2: Latin-Amerika tar ikke koronafaren alvorlig. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Dagens: Ecuador og koronakrisen. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Verdibørsens podcast Latin-Amerikas historie: 7:7. [Radio]. NrK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Karantenens kriminelle profitører i Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Verdibørsens podcast: Latin-Amerika. Episode 5./. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Podcast om Latin-Amerikas historie

• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Vi lever ikke, vi overlever. Venezuela og koronakrisen. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Dagens: Koronasituasjonen i Latin-Amerika. [Radio]. NRK . Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Urix: Kriser og korona i Latin-Amerika. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Verdibørsens podcast Latin-Amerika, 6:7. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Le Venezuela et le capitalisme du XXIe siècle : des changements visibles. La lettre de l'IEHAL. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Venezuela: økonomisk krise og politisk kaos. Hvor hender det?. ISSN 0801-9509. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Latin-Amerika mellom USA og Iran. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). I skyggen av muren. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2020). Urix på lørdag: Uklar situasjon i Venezuela etter valg. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Dagsnytt 18: Nødhjelpen og Venezuela. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). TV2 nyhtetene: Om krisen i Venezuela. [TV]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). NRK Nyhetsmorgen: Maduro stenger grensene. [Radio]. NRK P1/P2/Alltid Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Innledning til Birds of Passage. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Tror Norge er med i et høyt spill på bakrommet om Venezuela. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). EKKO: Chilenerne demonstrerer. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Urix: Guaidó venter tilbake. [TV]. NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Hjelpen kommer ikke frem. [Journal]. Aftenposten Junior. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Fra Russland med (litt) kjærlighet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Forklart: Maktkamp og opptøyer i Bolivia. [Radio]. Aftenposten: Podcast Forklart. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Nyhetsettermiddag: Gjennombrudd i Chile. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Review of Latin America Since the Left Turn. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. ISSN 0924-0608. doi: 10.32992/erlacs.10573. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Protestbølge over Latin-Amerika. [Journal]. Appell. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). NRK Nyheter: Krisemøte i Colombia om Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK Alltid Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Forklart: Erklærte narkokrigen for over - så ble seks barn drept. [Radio]. Aftenposten: Podcast Forklart. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Hva skjer i Venezuela? Hvor hender det?. ISSN 0801-9509. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). TV2 Nyhetene: Om krisa i Venezuela. [TV]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). TV2 Nyheter: Situasjonen i Venezeual kan ende i en langvarig krise. [TV]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Dagsrevyen: Om årsakene til flyktningestrøm fra Honduras. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Øker presset mot Maduro. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Venezuelas opposisjonsleder erklærer seg som landets president – får støtte av en rekke land og EU. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). NRK nyhetslunsj: Rask eskalering i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Studio 2: Om El Chapo rettsaken. [Radio]. NRk P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Her blir en person drept hver eneste dag. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). NRK Nyheter: Krisen i Venezuela. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Tror konflikten mellom USA og Venezuela kan øke. [Journal]. Adresseavisen og Nettavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Salongen: Latin-Amerika ekspert Benedicte. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Dagsnytt 18: Skjebnedøgn for Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte; Miklian, Jason & Katsos, John E (2019). China's conflict with the NBA shows why companies can't face social change by themselves. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Derfor skjelver demokratiene i Latin-Amerika. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Opprøret sprer seg i Latin-Amerika: Når lederen svekkes rakner det helt. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Urix: Urolig i Venezuela. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Dette må du følge med på i 2019. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Konkurrerer om høyeste Jesus. [Journal]. Vårt Land. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Maduro vil stenge ambassader i USA. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Maduro forsøker desperat å redde stumpene i Venezuela. Nå kommer Russland og Kina på banen. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Urix: Om migrantstrømmen fra Honduras. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2019). Venezuela: Fra nasjonal tragedie til regional konflikt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Frigjøringshelten Simon Bolivar. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). 12-nyhetene om uroen i Venezuela. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Dagsnytt 18: Om migrantstrømmene fra Mellom-Amerika. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Nyhetsmorgen om presidentinsettelsen i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Eksperter advarer mot USAs hardkjør i Venezuela. [Journal]. ABC Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Norge anerkjenner ikke Guadió som midlertidig president. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Studio 2: Chapo venter på livstidsdom. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). EKKO: Falske nyheter på sosiale medier. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Urix: Norge anerkjenner ikke Guaidó. [TV]. NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Nei til LatiNato. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Eksperter om Venezuela-opptøyene: – Tror ikke presidenten vil gå av. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Sammenstøt i Venezuela - Guaidó varsler snarlig maktovertakelse. [Journal]. Hegnar online. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Frykten for paramilitariseringen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Dagsnytt: Norsk deltakelse i Venezuela-forhandlinger. [Radio]. NRK . Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Venezuela: Det kan bli et skikkelig blodbad. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Venezuela: Fra fiasko til forhandlingshåp. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Avsporing eller håp? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). La neutralidad noruega y la mediación venezolana. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Nyhetslunsj: Om Oslo-forhandlingene om Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Amerikansk inngripen i Venezuela ville blitt en langvarig katastrofe. [Internet]. ABC Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Cubanske spioner skaper frykt i Venezuela. [Internet]. ABC Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Kan ikke se for meg noen fredelig løsning. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Dagsnytt 18: Uroligheter i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK 2/P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Urix: Forsøk på maktvoertakelse i Venezuela. [TV]. NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Insistir en elecciones anticipadas en Venezuela no funciona, dice Insulza. [Internet]. Agenia EFE. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Experta de Noruega: La negociación en Oslo no es la culpable de la caída en la popularidad de Guaidó. [Internet]. Alnavio. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Tre mulige tragedier og ett håp. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Den neste fasen in Venezuelas konflikt: tre scenarier. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Venezuela spesial Urix. [TV]. NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Studio 2: Om ulikhet og opprøret i Chile. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Dagsnytt 18: Demonstrasjoner i Chile. [Radio]. NRKP2/NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Opptøyer i Chile. [TV]. NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Miklian, Jason (2019). China's conflict with the NBA shows why companies can't force social change by themselves. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Chile preget av kraftige demonstrasjoner. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Uro i Latin-Amerika. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Skatt og sårbare stater: Utfordringer for norsk bistand. [Internet]. NUPI. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Kan feministene redde Latin-Amerika? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Studio 2: Mexicos tidligere sikkerhetsminister arrestert. [Radio]. NRKP2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Ecuador: Selger Misjonsalliansens første mikrofinansbank. [Journal]. Vårt Land. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2019). Sannheten om sanksjonene. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Råd for menneskerettigheter – eller prateklubb for verdens «verstinger»? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2019). Økonomiske sanksjoner kan gi kriminelle større spillerom. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Venezuelas økonomi trekker inn i skyggene. Bistandsaktuelt. ISSN 1501-0201. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Hvor ble det av Latin-Amerika? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Det Chile de ikke ville ha. Agenda Magasin. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Folk slåss for endringer i Chile. [Journal]. Klar Tale. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Dagsrevyen: Om uroligheter i Latin-Amerika. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Kan Chile bli et virkelig forbilde? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). TV2 Nyhetene: Konflikten om nødhjelpen tilspisses i Venezuela. [TV]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Kampen om nødhjelpen og Venezuelas framtid. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge; Bøås, Morten & Bull, Benedicte (2019). Skatt, statsbygging og sårbare stater - Hva kan Norge gjøre? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Statsbygging i sårbare stater – er bedre skattlegging løsningen? Sårbare stater er et fokusområde for norsk bistand, men hvordan hjelper man best stater som ser ut til å mangle det meste. De har lav administrativ kapasitet, sliter med stor fattigdom og fremtidige klimatilpasninger. Mange av verdens mest sårbare stater er også hardt rammet av krig og konflikt, og har dermed både problemer med å kontrollere egne grenser og inneha et monopol på bruk av tvangsmakt internt. Utfordringene er derfor enorme, mens inntektsgrunnlaget deres er lavt. Skal de klare å sikre innbyggernes basisbehov som trygghet, helsetilbud og utdanning må de derfor enten gjøre seg avhengige av bistand eller øke sine egen inntekter gjennom etablering av bedre systemer for innkreving av skatt. Bistand vil være en del av løsningen, men kun en del. Årsaken er at bistand uten en statsbyggingskomponent som bidrar til at statens egne inntekter øker, kun fører til en ting; at sårbare stater holdes i live ved kunstig, internasjonalt åndedrett. Det kan i noen tilfeller, som for eksempel Mali, forhindre statlig kollaps, men det leder ikke til en bærekraftig vei ut av sårbarhet. Effektiv og legitim skattlegging og forvaltning av naturressurser, er dermed nødvendige forutsetninger for å utvikle bærekraftige stater og samfunn. I sammenheng med Norges fokus på sårbare stater og Norads Skatt for Utvikling-program, inviterer SkattJakt-nettverket (NUPI, CMI og Tax Justice Network – Norge) til en samtale om Norges rolle som bidragsyter i sårbare stater. Fokuset skal spesielt dreie seg om skatt og skattebistand som en nøkkel til statsbygging i sårbare stater. Under Arendalsuka vil vi diskutere følgende spørsmål: 1. Hva er hovedutfordringene med statsbygging i sårbare stater? 2. Hva vet vi om utvikling av skatteregimer i utviklingsland – hva kan både bistandsaktører som Norge og sårbare stater lære av dette? 3. I tilfellet Venezuela viser hvor fort en stat kan gå i stykker – hva forteller dette oss om forholdet mellom skatt og utvikling? 4. Norge har jobbet med skatt og utvikling i mange år, spesielt gjennom Norad-programmet «Skatt for Utvikling». Hvilke erfaringer herfra kan være spesielt nyttige for Norges engasjement i sårbare stater? 5. Hvordan skal Norge arbeide med internasjonale organisasjoner, lokale myndigheter og NGOer, for å støtte og tilrettelegge for statsbyggingsprosesser? Vi legger opp til en samtale mellom fem personer fra politikk, forskning og sivilsamfunn: Jon Lomøy (Norad); Benedicte Bull (Uio); Fredrik Aksnes (Skatteetaten); Odd-Helge Fjeldstad (CMI); og Morten Bøås (NUPI). Samtalen vil bli ledet av Sigrid Klæboe Jacobsen, daglig leder, Tax Justice Network Norge.

• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Krever større del av kaka. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Nye store demonstrasjoner og nødhjelpskonflikt i Venezuela. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Seks spørsmål og svar om Venezuela krisen. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Latin-Amerika ekspert: Opposisjonen må risikere større tap av menneskeliv. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). - Vert dramatisk for Maduro. [Journal]. Dag og Tid. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Her og NÅ: Hvor Venezuela går nå. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). En vei ut av katastrofen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). Urix: Det internasjonale spillet om Venezuela. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2019). LO i Trondheim med kontroversiell invitasjon. [Journal]. Adresseavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Eksperter: Nå vil alt bli enda verre i Venezuela. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Alvaro Arzú: Un neoliberal? Plaza Publica. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Eksplosivt i Nicaragua – minst 34 drept etter protestbølge. [Journal]. Bistandsaktuelt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). En månedslønn gir mat for kun tre dager. [Internet]. Journalen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Venezuelanernes vanskelige valg. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Conferencia magistral: Captura del estado, elites y desigualdad: refleciones sobre cambios recientes en Europa e América Latina. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Venezuela: En velsignelse for Opec, men en katastrofe for folket. [Internet]. E24 Podden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Paraguay og Guatemala anerkjenner Jerusalem. [Journal]. Vårt Land. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Presidenten trakk omstridt reform, men uroen i Nicaragua fortsetter. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Slik motarbeides den frie pressen i Venezuela. [Internet]. Journalen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). 2018: Mannsdominert valgår i Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Venezuela stadig nærmere stupet. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). 16 år og snart mamma. [Journal]. A-Magasinet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Erna Solberg på besøk i et krevende Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Dagsnytt om situasjonen i Nicaragua. [Radio]. NRK P2/Alltid Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Om valget i Costa Rica, NRK Nyhetsmorgen. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Eksplosivt i Nicaragua. [Journal]. Bistandsaktuelt. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Internasjonalen: Venstrevind fra nord. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Næringslivsbistandens dilemma i svake stater. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Brasils globale korrupsjonsmonster. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Folk graver i søpla etter mat. [Internet]. ABC Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Latin-Amerika i det nye stormaktsspillet. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). TV2 Nyhetsmorgen: Om kongeparets besøk i Argentina. [TV]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2018). Venezuela etter dialogens sammenbrudd. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte & Rosales, Antulio (2018). Kan en kryptovaluta redde Venezuela? Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2018). Studio 2: Om konflikten mellom Chile og Bolivia. [Radio]. NRK2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). A Social compromise for the Anthropocene? Elite reactions to the Escazú Agreement and the prospects for a Latin American transformative green state. Fundación Carolina. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Benedicte (2022). ¿Un compromiso social para el Antropoceno? Reacciones de las élites al Acuerdo de Escazú y las posibilidades de un Estado verde transformador latinoamericano. Fundación Carolina. Full text in Research Archive

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