Antoine de Bengy Puyvallée

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy; Harman, Sophie; Rushton, Simon & Storeng, Katerini (2025). Global health partnerships for a post-2030 agenda. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 405(10477), p. 514–516. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02816-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy; Storeng, Katerini & Rushton, Simon (2025). The Gates Foundation’s network diplomacy in European donor countries. Globalization and Health. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12992-025-01112-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Gates Foundation is the most influential private philanthropic foundation in global health and development. This article examines how the Foundation has developed an unparalleled capacity to rally other donors to its priorities, which include the development and distribution of technological tools to reduce the burden of infectious disease and child mortality in the world’s most impoverished regions. Using publicly available data, the article analyses the Gates Foundation’s strategic engagement in Europe, focusing on its bureaucratic presence, government relations, and grant-making in its three European focus countries: the United Kingdom (UK), Germany and France. It highlights that, since 2010, the Gates Foundation has built a bureaucratic infrastructure akin to a diplomatic service, establishing country offices in London and Berlin alongside representation in Paris, Brussels and Stockholm. Through regular engagement with elected officials and bureaucrats in these nations, the Foundation has forged many strategic partnerships, effectively leveraging European states’ diplomatic power in wider political forums and alliances. Moreover, the Foundation has disbursed billions in grants to recipients in the UK, Germany, and France to advance research and innovation on its priority health issues, implement programs in poor countries, and develop policy and advocacy related to global health and development. Combined, these efforts have contributed to securing substantial and recurrent government co-investment in Gates-supported initiatives. The article proposes that the Foundation exercises a form of ‘network diplomacy’ that entails building and maintaining wide networks across European societies with the aim of aligning donor governments’ overseas development assistance and policies with the Foundation’s strategic objectives in global health and development. The concept of network diplomacy offers a new perspective on how the Gates Foundation has consolidated and expanded its transnational political presence through an approach that is strategic, bureaucratised and institutionalised, rather than simply a product of its financial might. The findings amplify existing concerns regarding the sway of private foundations over public policy, their impact on democratic accountability and governance in donor states, and the resultant implications for the Foundation’s intended beneficiaries in low- and middle-income countries.

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2025). Quasi-public Partnerships: Multistakeholder Governance in an International Organization. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. ISSN 1075-2846. 31(2), p. 186–212. doi: 10.1163/19426720-03102001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Global public-private partnerships (PPP s), where public and private sectors share decision-making, are central in global health governance. Research has focused on large, independent PPP s like Gavi and the Global Fund, but largely overlooked the institutional diversity of global PPP s and its consequences for the governance, accountability, and legitimacy of partnerships. To address this gap, this paper examines the Emergency Medical Teams (EMT) Initiative, a partnership administered by the World Health Organization (WHO), responding to humanitarian health crises. Through extensive qualitative research, the paper analyzes why the EMT Initiative became embedded within the WHO’s bureaucratic structure and explores the challenges and advantages of this hybrid arrangement for both the partnership and the WHO. The paper theorizes the concept of ‘quasi-public’ partnerships, which are hosted by public agencies with dual accountability to their host organization and their partners. It suggests that these partnerships differ significantly from ‘quasi-private’ partnerships, which operate independently and are accountable to their own boards.

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2024). The rising authority and agency of public-private partnerships in global health governance. Policy and Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Policy Research. ISSN 1449-4035. 43(1), p. 25–40. doi: 10.1093/polsoc/puad032. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Global public–private partnerships (PPPs) have become prominent in efforts to address global challenges, particularly in the health field. In the scholarly literature, global PPPs have been conceptualized as arenas for voluntary public–private cooperation rather than agents of global governance. This paper challenges this approach, arguing that a sub-class of highly institutionalized partnerships have developed into transnational bureaucracies that, much like international organizations, can draw from their administrative capacities to exercise agency and gain and consolidate authority over time. To substantiate this argument, I present an in-depth analysis of five global health partnerships that played a leading role in the Access to Covid-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A), the initiative that sought to coordinate the global response to covid-19. Based on extensive document review and analysis of the ACT-A PPPs —Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation, Unitaid, and The Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics — I show how these partnerships’ leadership role during the pandemic emerged from a decade long build-up of PPP agency. These organizations gained administrative capacities that enabled them to increase their authority vis-à-vis their donors, boards, and other external actors through three interlinked strategies: (a) developing greater financial autonomy; (b) expanding their mandates (including toward pandemic preparedness and response); and (c) establishing inter-partnership cooperation and mutual representation to other forums. My analysis suggests the need for future research to consider highly institutionalized PPPs as agents of global governance and to explore empiric

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2022). COVAX, vaccine donations and the politics of global vaccine inequity. Globalization and Health. 18(1). doi: 10.1186/s12992-022-00801-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background In 2021, donor countries, the pharmaceutical industry, and the COVAX initiative promoted vaccine donation or “dose-sharing” as a main solution to the inequitable global distribution of Covid-19 vaccines. COVAX positioned itself as a global vaccine-sharing hub that promised to share doses “equitably, effectively and transparently,” according to rational criteria overseen by independent scientists. This article provides a critical analysis of the principles and practice of “dose-sharing,” showing how it reveals the politics at play within COVAX. Results Donated doses were an important source of COVAX’s vaccine supply in 2021, accounting for 60% of the doses the initiative delivered (543 million out of 910 million). However, donations could not compensate fully for COVAX’s persistent procurement struggles: it delivered less than half of the two billion doses it originally projected for 2021, a fraction of the 9.25 billion doses that were administered globally in 2021. Donor countries and vaccine manufacturers systematically broke COVAX’s principles for maximizing the impact of dose-sharing, delivering doses late, in smaller quantities than promised, and in ad hoc ways that made roll-out in recipient countries difficult. Some donors even earmarked doses for specific recipients, complicating and potentially undermining COVAX’s equitable allocation mechanism. Conclusions COVAX’s pivot from global vaccine procurement mechanism to dose-sharing hub can be seen as a “win-win-win” solution for COVAX itself (who could claim success by having access to more doses), for donor countries (who could rebrand themselves as charitable donors rather than “vaccine hoarders”), and for the pharmaceutical industry (maintaining the status quo on intellectual property rights and protecting their commercial interests). Although dose-sharing helped COVAX’s vaccine delivery, its impact was undermined by donors’ and industry’s pursuit of national security, diplomatic and commercial interests, which COVAX largely accommodated. The lack of transparency and accountability mechanisms within COVAX’s overly complex governance structure as a global public-private partnership enabled these practices.

• Stein, Felix; Storeng, Katerini & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2022). Global health nonsense. The BMJ. 379. doi: 10.1136/bmj.o2932. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Spin, hyperbole, meaningless buzzwords, and technocratic jargon have become increasingly common in global health discourse. They are part of a broader phenomenon labelled “global health nonsense” Three main forms of global health nonsense are obfuscation, misrepresentation, and omission of relevant information Global health nonsense must be called out, because it stifles collective efforts to understand, critically assess, and improve global health governance

• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). The Smartphone Pandemic: How Big Tech and public health authorities partner in the digital response to Covid-19. Global Public Health. ISSN 1744-1692. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1882530. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi; Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Stein, Felix (2021). COVAX and the rise of the ‘super public private partnership’ for global health. Global Public Health. ISSN 1744-1692. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1987502. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  COVAX, the vaccines pillar of the Access to Covid-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A), has been promoted as ‘the only global solution' to vaccine equity and ending the Covid-19 pandemic. ACT-A and COVAX build on the public-private partnership (PPP) model that dominates global health governance, but take it to a new level, constituting an experimental form that we call the ‘super-PPP'. Based on an analysis of COVAX's governance structure and its difficulties in achieving its aims, we identify several features of the super-PPP model. First, it aims to coordinate the fragmented global health field by bringing together existing PPPs in an extraordinarily complex Russian Matryoshka doll-like structure. Second, it attempts to scale up a governance model designed for donor-dependent countries to tackle a health crisis affecting the entire world, pitting it against the self-interest of its wealthiest government partners. Third, the super-PPP's structural complexity obscures the vast differences between constituent partners, giving pharmaceutical corporations substantial power and making public representation, transparency, and accountability elusive. As a super-PPP, COVAX reproduces and amplifies challenges associated with the established PPPs it incorporates. COVAX's limited success has sparked a crisis of legitimacy for the voluntary, charity-based partnership model in global health, raising questions about its future.

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Bjørkdahl, Kristian (2021). Introduction: On the Resilience of the Scandinavian Humanitarian Brand. In Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Bjørkdahl, Kristian (Ed.), Do-Gooders at the End of Aid: Scandinavian Humanitarianism in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108772129. p. 1–13. doi: 10.1017/9781108772129.001. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Kittelsen, Sonja (2019). "Disease knows no borders": Pandemics and the politics of global health security. In Bjørkdahl, Kristian & Carlsen, Benedicte (Ed.), Pandemics, Publics, and Politics - Staging Responses to Public Health Crises. Palgrave Pivot. ISSN 9789811328015. p. 59–73. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-2802-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2018). Civil society participation in global public-private partnerships for health. Health Policy and Planning. ISSN 0268-1080. 33(8), p. 928–936. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czy070. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The growth of global public-private partnerships for health has opened up new spaces for civil society participation in global health governance. Such participation is often justified by the claim that civil society organizations, because of their independence and links to communities, can help address democratic deficits in global-level decision-making processes. This article examines the notion of ‘civil society engagement’ within major public–private partnerships for health, where civil society is often said to play a particularly important role in mediating between public and private spheres. How do major global health partnerships actually define ‘civil society’, who represents civil society within their global-level decision-making bodies, and what formal power do civil society representatives hold relative to other public and private-sector partners? Based on a structured analysis of publicly available documents of 18 of the largest global public–private partnerships for health, we show that many of them make laudatory claims about the value of their ‘civil society engagement’. Most use the term ‘civil society’ to refer to non-governmental organizations and communities affected by particular health issues, and state that they expect these actors to represent the needs and interests of specific populations in global-level decisions about strategies, funding models and policies. Yet, such civil society actors have a relatively low level of representation within the partnerships’ boards and steering committees, especially compared with private-sector actors (10.3 vs 23.7%). Moreover, there is little evidence of civil society representatives’ direct and substantial influence within the partnerships’ global-level governing bodies, where many decisions affecting country-level programmes are made. Rather, their main role within these partnerships seems to be to implement projects and advocate and raise funds, despite common discourses that emphasise civil society's watchdog function and transformative power. The findings suggest the need for in-depth research into the formal and informal power of civil society within global health governance processes.

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy; Kittelsen, Sonja & Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi (2018). Krise! Hvordan beredskapslogikk endrer global helsepolitikk. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 138(16), p. 1–7. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0572. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2018). Norway’s Response to Ebola: Balancing Altruistic and Security Concerns. Internasjonal Politikk. ISSN 0020-577X. 76(2), p. 89–120. doi: 10.23865/intpol.v76.1089. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article explores the motivations behind Norway’s contributions to the global response to Ebola (2014). Unpacking the interests, norms and context at play, it finds that the repatriation of an Ebola-infected volunteer triggered a strong governmental response. Humanitarian in nature but partially securitized, this response was driven by altruistic and security concerns: a desire to provide assistance and the ambition to contain the epidemic at its source, while managing domestic fears. This analysis concurs with publications highlighting the centrality of security considerations in the global Ebola response, while suggesting that humanitarian motivations should not be overlooked. Finally, it argues that the theoretical divide between a “statist” and “globalist” approach to global health security does not fully capture the complexity at play in the operationalisation of the concept. Therefore, the analysis introduces the idea of a “universalist” understanding of global health security, using the global level as referent for security and allowing for a balance between realpolitik and idealpolitik.

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi (2017). Protecting the vulnerable is protecting ourselves: Norway and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 137(12-13), p. 908–910. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0208. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norway has played a critical role in the recent launch of the new Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation, revealing Norway’s powerful position in global health. But how will Norway help put the coalition’s governance principles – political legitimacy, representation and accountability – into practice? And how will a more security-based approach impact Norwegian global health policy and research?

View all works in NVA

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Bjørkdahl, Kristian (2021). Do-Gooders at the End of Aid: Scandinavian Humanitarianism in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108772129. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• Gradmann, Christoph; Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy; Mangesho, Peter Ernest & <jason.grant-rowles@kcl.ac.uk>, "Jason Grant-Rowles" (2025). Global Health - What's Next? doi: https:/www.circle-u.eu/events/open-conversation-global-health-whats-next. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This Open Conversation is inspired by this year’s Circle U. Summer School on Global Health. It addresses a pressing question: what is the future of global health in times of geopolitical shifts and financial uncertainty? Over the last months, global health – long shaped by Western political dominance, governance, and funding since the 1980s – has entered a deep crisis. The United States, historically the largest contributor to global health funding mechanisms, is pulling back from central aid and intervention structures. The implications for sponsor-driven partnerships such as the Global Fund and GAVI remain unclear, casting uncertainty over national disease control programs worldwide. This withdrawal is not only financial but also geopolitical. It intersects with the rise of China as a challenger to U.S. hegemony, and raises new questions about the roles of BRICS countries and the European Union in shaping the future of global health.

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2025). 25 years of public-private partnerships and the future of global health collaboration. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Partnership is essential for solving complex global challenges. In global health, however, partnership has become associated with a specific model: public–private partnerships (PPPs), in which the key actors are governments, philanthropic foundations, and the private firms that produce drugs and vaccines. Leading PPPs like Gavi and the Global Fund are facing tough replenishment rounds within an uncertain context marked by major cuts to development assistance and US President Trump’s assault on multilateralism. Drawing on research from the recently completed PANPREP project, this seminar reflects on 25 years of global health partnerships, reviews current reform proposals put forth after the Covid-19 pandemic and argues that these proposals need to herald the start, not the end of a conversation to rethink the models of partnership needed to drive an ambitious post-2030 global health agenda. The seminar draws on research conducted collaboratively with Felix Stein and Desmond McNeill, and a Lancet Viewpoint co-authored with Simon Rushton and Sophie Harman, Global health partnerships for a post-2030 agenda .

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2024). WHO’s ‘Investment Round’ - will mimicking global health partnerships’ replenishment model pay off? Global Policy. ISSN 1758-5880. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2024). Public-private partnerships and pandemic preparedness. Full text in Research Archive
• Grødeland, Gunnveig; Gundersen, Ragnhild Bassøe; Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Simensen, Victoria C (2024). Healthcare Innovations Driven by COVID-19. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Andersen, Julie M. (2024). Internasjonalt samarbeid, kappløpet om en koronavaksine og global urettferdighet. [Internet]. Senter for pandemi- og en-helseforskning. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Samantaroy, S (2024). Should global health initiatives have a termination date? [Internet]. Health Policy Watch. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Gillund, G (2024). Varsler om inkompetanse og grådighet. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2024). Healthcare innovations driven by covid-19. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2023). From public-private partnerships (PPP) to ‘global organizations’: Covid-19 and the agency of PPPs in pandemic preparedness and response. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2023). Public-private partnership in pandemic preparedness and response. Full text in Research Archive
• Usher, Ann Danaiya & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2023). COVAX: the unspent billions. [Journal]. The Lancet. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2023). Roundtable: The Future of Global Health Initiatives. Full text in Research Archive
• Time, Jon Kåre; Storeng, Katerini; Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Stein, Felix (2023). En pandemi av bullshit. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Time, Jon Kåre; Stein, Felix; Storeng, Katerini & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2023). Pølsevev, nonsense eller bullshit – kall det hva du vil. Nå har helseforskere fått nok. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2022). COVAX and the unfulfilled promise of vaccine sharing. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2022). Covid-19—How Europe’s vaccine donations went tragically wrong. [Journal]. The BMJ. Full text in Research Archive
• Gullikstad, Åsne & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2022). Koronavaksinering: Europa slått av tre verdensdeler. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Barneoud, Lise (2022). Vaccin anti-Covid : le favori Novavax arrivé trop tard. [Journal]. Le Monde. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2022). Slik ble vaksinedonasjoner til et maktspill under pandemien. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Usher, Ann Danaiya (2022). Donors ignore urgent pandemic funding appeal, covid response is ‘flying on fumes’. [Journal]. Development Today. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Folkehelsegevinsten av Smittestopp må dokumenteres. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). What is COVAX and is it helping poor countries get access to COVID-19 vaccines? [Internet]. EuroNews. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Nå er silkehanskene av i kampen om vaksinedosene. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Big Tech and the digital response to Covid-19. [Internet]. Blog - International Health Policies. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). NRK Radio Nyhetsmorgen - Vaksinekrangel etter forsinkelser til EU. [Radio]. NRK Radio Nyhetsmorgen. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Why Norway shouldn’t go solo in the global vaccine race. [Internet]. Blog - International Health Policies. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Smarttelefonpandemien. [Journal]. Morgenbladet - https://morgenbladet.no/ideer/2021/02/smartte. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). «Overraskende at flere EU-land nå forsøker å få takk i vaksinedoser utenfor EU-samartbeidet». [TV]. TV2 Nyhetskanalen . Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). The uncomfortable truth about Norway's pandemic leadership. [Journal]. Blog - International Health Policies. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Podcast: "Vaccine nationalism and vaccine diplomacy". [Radio]. Dan Banik, In Pursuit of Development podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Gikk fra forhandlingene. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Vaksineplan slår sprekker. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Danmark inngår vaksinesamarbeid med Østerrike og Israel. [TV]. TV2.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Vaksinekappløpet. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Legemiddelselskapene har voldsom makt, selv over rike land. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2021). The Big Digital Contact Tracing Experiment. Global Policy. ISSN 1758-5880. 12(6), p. 93–96. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi (2021). Sololøp er ikke veien å gå i den globale vaksinekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy; Jumbert, Maria Gabrielsen; Browning, Christopher; Marklund, Carl & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2021). Nordic peace, humanitarianism, and welfare model. Full text in Research Archive
• Hodne, Anna Myklebust & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Enorme forskjeller i vaksinekappløpet – dette er de største utfordringene nå. [Journal]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Biden har videreført Amerika først-politikken. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det er på høy tid at USA bidrar til å rette opp den enorme globale skjevfordelingen, selv om veien til en global løsning på krisen fortsatt er langt, skriver Katerini Storeng og Antoine de Bengy Puyvallée.

• Storeng, Katerini; Stein, Felix & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). COVAX and the many meanings of sharing. BMJ Global Health. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility (COVAX) has been promoted as the ‘only global solution’ to end the accute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. The notion of ‘sharing’ has been a central trope in policy debate about this ‘vaccine-sharing’ scheme. In the first eighteen months of the pandemic, COVAX has struggled to share the risks and benefits of vaccine development, wealthy countries’ excess vaccine doses, and the burden of financing COVAX and the wider Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A), of which it is part. In the global pandemic response, the term ‘sharing’ glosses various kinds of transactions, some of which jar with commonplace understandings of what it means ‘to share’. COVAX’s approach to vaccine sharing obscures what it does not share: decision-making power and the knowledge and technology to produce vaccines everywhere.

• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2021). Americans demanded freedom from tracking during Covid, and then grabbed their phones. [Journal]. Think blog. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini (2021). Tredje dose hjemme eller vaksinere verden? [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Den ubehagelige sannheten om Norges globale vaksineinnsats. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi; Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Stein, Felix (2021). GLOBVAC 2021, Symposium 3: Politics of Pandemic Preparedness. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). Norge bør bruke plassen i Sikkertsrådet til å bidra til mer rettferdig internasjonal helsepolitikk. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Solfjeld, Hanne Jones & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). UiO-forskar er imot tredje dose til friske. [Journal]. Universitas. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini; Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Stein, Felix (2021). Norge har gitt 4 milliarder til pandemisamarbeid nesten ingen forstår. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Schwenke, Morten & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2021). «Kunne Norge «tatt en New Zealand?» Flere tror det ville kostet for mye». [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi; Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Ingeborg, Eliassen (2020). Ble maktesløst vitne til død – selv om vaksinen fantes. [Journal]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Rønning, Asle O & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Tidsfrist nærmer seg for global vaksineløsning. [Journal]. Bistandsaktuelt. Full text in Research Archive
• Westeng, Kjersti & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Regjeringen ber oss følge strengere smitteverntiltak: - Det oppstår forvirring blant det norske folk om hva tiltakene egentlig betyr. [Journal]. Nettavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundgaar, Hilde & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Ny smitterekord i USA. Hvorfor klarer ikke USA å stande koronaviruset? [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Amundsen, Bård & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Hvorfor dør flere av korona i USA enn Europa? [Journal]. Forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Sannheten, ifølge Pfizer. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Why does Pfizer deny the public investment in its Covid-19 vaccine? Full text in Research Archive
• Holsten, Hilde; Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi (2020). «Hva gjør at noen samfunn lykkes bedre med koronahåndtering?». [Internet]. Senter for Utvikling og Miljø. Full text in Research Archive
• Time, Jon Kåre; Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Mener Norge bør svinge pisken mot vaksineselskapene. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Det store Smittestopp-eksperimentet. Full text in Research Archive
• Smedsrud, Morten Skipenes & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Internasjonale organisasjoner svikter i korona-krise. [Journal]. Apollon. Full text in Research Archive
• Metin, Juliette & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Les réponses politiques à l’épidémie en France et en Norvège : entretien avec un chercheur français en Norvège. [Internet]. Institut Français de Norvège, . Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Frokostseminar. Hva må til for å sikre vaksine til alle? Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). COVID et anticipation des menaces sanitaires. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Banik, Dan (2020). The Coronavirus: State Capacity and Crisis Response in China. [Journal]. Global Policy Opinion. Full text in Research Archive
• Usher, Ann Danaiya & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). US think tanks push for new fund to help poor countries combat coronavirus. [Journal]. Development Today. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Book review: Data Justice and COVID-19. Global Perspectives. Security Dialogue. ISSN 0967-0106. Full text in Research Archive
• Avlesen-Østli, Siri Nilminie & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Koronavirusutbruddet – politiske konsekvenser. [TV]. TV2 Nyhetskanalen. Full text in Research Archive
• Drefvelin, Caroline & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Hit går Ernas vaksinemilliarder. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). The many faces of the COVID-19 epidemic response. [Internet]. International Health Politics. Full text in Research Archive
• Lindtner, Nora Charlotte & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Slik mørklegger diktaturene corona-sannheten. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Holsten, Hilde Hartmann (2020). The politics behind the COVID-19 responses. [Journal]. Sciencenorway. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  How much are we willing to sacrifice to protect ourselves against COVID-19? How do we battle the virus while minimizing the consequences? Managing an epidemic requires tackling the health consequences of the outbreak, as well as its social, political, security, and economic dimensions. This implies setting priorities between various interests and goals – in short, a lot of politics. What follows is a non-exhaustive overview of the many considerations and important questions national authorities must reflect on in their response to COVID-19.

• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2020). Sånn ble lille Norge en global leder i covid-19 bekjempelsen. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi (2019). Global Health and the Digital Wild West. Full text in Research Archive
• Fermariello, Ugo & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2019). Kommentar om Verdens Helse Organisasjons erklæring av Ebola utbruddet i DRC Kongo som global helsekrise. [TV]. NRK Dagsnytt18. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2018). Sivilsamfunnsdeltakelse i globale partnerskap for helse. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2018). Global Governance for Health: what role for civil society? Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2018). Civil society participation in global public-private partnerships for health. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2018). Uetisk å banalisere hiv. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116. Full text in Research Archive
• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2018). Utviklingsministeren idealiserer sivilsamfunnets rolle som vaktbikkje. Dagsavisen. ISSN 1503-2892. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Tilsvar til Utviklingsminister Astrup, N. «Sivilsamfunnet er viktigere enn styreverv»; Dagsavisen; 3 Oktober 2018; https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyemeninger/sivilsamfunnet-er-viktigere-enn-styreverv-1.1211284

• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2018). Derfor er sivilsamfunnets rolle i globale beslutningsprosesser viktig. Full text in Research Archive
• Kildal, Charlotte L; Holsten, Hilde Hartmann; Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy & Roalkvam, Sidsel (2017). Norges ebola-repons endret seg da en norsk kvinne ble smittet. [Journal]. Forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norge ga mer penger til krisehåndtering da den norske kvinnen ble ebola-smittet. Men det første ikke nødvendigvis til bedre hjelp, ifølge masterstudent.

• Bolle, Tor Aksel & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2017). Norsk ebolainnsats får kritikk. [Journal]. Bistandsaktuelt. Full text in Research Archive
• Amland, Bjørn & Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2017). How Norway’s Ebola response turned into a security operation. [Journal]. Development Today. Full text in Research Archive
• Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy (2024). The rise of public-private partnerships as agents of global governance. The case of pandemic preparedness and response. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The last quarter-century has seen a transformation of world politics. Greater participation by multinational corporations, civil society organizations, and philanthropic foundations has challenged the post-war international order of intergovernmental cooperation. “Multistakeholderism” has become the norm, and public-private partnerships (PPPs) have become a dominant mode of global governance, not least in addressing global health challenges. PPPs are often thought of as networks or arenas facilitating interactions between voluntary partners from the public and private sectors to advance narrow policy objectives. This PhD thesis, by contrast, argues that certain PPPs have developed into bureaucratic organizations that can be better described as agents of global governance. Drawing on in-depth research into the case of pandemic preparedness and response, the thesis analyzes how five established global health PPPs acquired the authority to lead the global response to the covid-19 pandemic. It traces how these PPPs came together in the Access to Covid-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A), an experimental cooperative framework conceptualized as a “super-PPP.” Thereby, they gained the authority to formulate policy proposals and norms around global vaccine equity, build policy coalitions with governments and philanthropies, fundraise extraordinary amounts, and implement the largest vaccine roll-out in history. This thesis demonstrates that these partnerships’ leadership role during covid-19 resulted from an authority leap facilitated by the crisis, but crucially, stems from a decade long build-up of administrative capacities. These organizational developments enabled the partnerships to increase their authority vis-à-vis their donors, boards, and other external actors. The thesis shows how PPP secretariats have worked to gradually expand PPP mandates from responding to specific diseases towards general pandemic preparedness and response. They also developed a degree of financial autonomy that reduces reliance on donors, and cooperated with other partnerships through joint projects, shared offices, and mutual representation in other multilateral forums. While the PPPs involved in ACT-A are highly institutionalized independent legal entities, this thesis also offers a contrasting analysis of a partnership with a different institutional form, the Emergency Medical Teams (EMT) initiative, which is embedded within the World Health Organization (WHO). The thesis traces how the EMT initiative developed within the WHO’s bureaucratic structure and gained authority by forming a symbiotic relationship with its host organization. This institutional arrangement has important implications for the partnership’s governance, notably in making it accountable to both its partners and the WHO. Finally, PPPs’ agency is, in theory, constrained by the voluntary nature of partnership. Yet, the thesis identifies’ the increasing ability of partnership secretariats to bypass control mechanisms in ways that may evade accountability, both towards taxpayers in donor countries and intended beneficiaries, most often in lower-income countries. Overall, the thesis shows the ubiquity, prominence, and diversity of global PPPs, underscoring that this model has become the dominant norm for what constitutes legitimate global governance.

View all works in NVA